rpm -bp — Execute %prep

The command rpm -bp directs RPM to execute the very first step in the build process. In the spec file, this step is labeled %prep. Every command in the %prep section will be executed when the -bp option is used.

Here's a simple %prep section from the spec file we used in Chapter 11:

%prep %setup

This %prep section consists of a single %setup macro. When using rpm -bp against this spec file, we can see exactly what %setup does:

# rpm -bp cdplayer-1.0.spec * Package: cdplayer + umask 022 + echo Executing: %prep Executing: %prep + cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD + cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD + rm -rf cdplayer-1.0 + gzip -dc /usr/src/redhat/SOURCES/cdplayer-1.0.tgz + tar -xvvf - drwxrwxr-x root/users 0 Aug 4 22:30 1996 cdplayer-1.0/ -rw-r--r-- root/users 17982 Nov 10 01:10 1995 cdplayer-1.0/COPYING -rw-r--r-- root/users 627 Nov 10 01:10 1995 cdplayer-1.0/ChangeLog … -rw-r--r-- root/users 2806 Nov 10 01:10 1995 cdplayer-1.0/volume.c -rw-r--r-- root/users 1515 Nov 10 01:10 1995 cdplayer-1.0/volume.h + [ 0 -ne 0 ] + cd cdplayer-1.0 + cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD/cdplayer-1.0 + chown -R root.root . + chmod -R a+rX,g-w,o-w . + exit 0 #

First, RPM confirms that the cdplayer package is the subject of this build. Then it sets the umask and starts executing the %prep section. At this point, the %setup macro is doing its thing. It changes directory into the build area and removes any old copies of cdplayer's build tree.

Next, %setup unzips the sources and uses tar to create the build tree. We've removed the complete listing of files, but be prepared to see lots of output if the software being packaged is large.

Finally, %setup changes directory into cdplayer's build tree and changes ownership and file permissions appropriately. The exit 0 signifies the end of the %prep section, and therefore, the end of the %setup macro. Since we used the -bp option, RPM stopped at this point. Let's see what RPM left in the build area:

# cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD # ls -l total 1 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Aug 4 22:30 cdplayer-1.0 #

There's the top-level directory. Changing directory into cdplayer-1.0, we find the sources are ready to be built:

# cd cdplayer-1.0 # ls -lF total 216 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 17982 Nov 10 1995 COPYING -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 627 Nov 10 1995 ChangeLog … -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2806 Nov 10 1995 volume.c -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1515 Nov 10 1995 volume.h #

We can see that %setup's chown and chmod commands did what they were supposed to — the files are owned by root, with permissions set appropriately.

If not stopped by the -bp option, the next step in RPM's build process would be to build the software. RPM can also be stopped at the end of the %build section in the spec file. This is done by using the -bc option:

rpm -bc — Execute %prep, %build

When the -bc option is used during a build, RPM stops once the software has been built. In terms of the spec file, every command in the %build section will be executed. In the following example, we've removed the output from the %prep section to cut down on the redundant output, but keep in mind that it is executed nonetheless:

# rpm -bc cdplayer-1.0.spec * Package: cdplayer Executing: %prep … + exit 0 Executing: %build + cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD + cd cdplayer-1.0 + make gcc -Wall -O2 -c -I/usr/include/ncurses cdp.c gcc -Wall -O2 -c -I/usr/include/ncurses color.c gcc -Wall -O2 -c -I/usr/include/ncurses display.c gcc -Wall -O2 -c -I/usr/include/ncurses misc.c gcc -Wall -O2 -c -I/usr/include/ncurses volume.c volume.c: In function `mix_set_volume': volume.c:67: warning: implicit declaration of function `ioctl' gcc -Wall -O2 -c -I/usr/include/ncurses hardware.c gcc -Wall -O2 -c -I/usr/include/ncurses database.c gcc -Wall -O2 -c -I/usr/include/ncurses getline.c gcc -o cdp cdp.o color.o display.o misc.o volume.o hardware.o database.o getline.o -I/usr/include/ncurses -L/usr/lib -lncurses groff -Tascii -man cdp.1 | compress >cdp.1.Z + exit 0 #

After the command, we see RPM executing the %prep section (which we've removed almost entirely). Next, RPM starts executing the contents of the %build section. In our example spec file, the %build section looks like this:

%build make

We see that prior to the make command, RPM changes directory into cdplayer's top-level directory. RPM then starts the make, which ends with the groff command. At this point, the execution of the %build section has been completed. Since the -bc option was used, RPM stops at this point.

The next step in the build process would be to install the newly built software. This is done in the %install section of the spec file. RPM can be stopped after the install has taken place by using the -bi option:

rpm -bi — Execute %prep, %build, %install

By using the -bi option, RPM is directed to stop once the software is completely built and installed on the build system. Here's what the output of a build using the -bi option looks like:

# rpm -bi cdplayer-1.0.spec * Package: cdplayer Executing: %prep … + exit 0 Executing: %build … + exit 0 Executing: %install + cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD + cd cdplayer-1.0 + make install chmod 755 cdp chmod 644 cdp.1.Z cp cdp /usr/local/bin ln -s /usr/local/bin/cdp /usr/local/bin/cdplay cp cdp.1 /usr/local/man/man1 + exit 0 + umask 022 + echo Executing: special doc Executing: special doc + cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD + cd cdplayer-1.0 + DOCDIR=//usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1 + rm -rf //usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1 + mkdir -p //usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1 + cp -ar README //usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1 + exit 0 #

As before, we've excised most of the previously described sections. In this example, the %install section looks like:

%install make install

After the %prep and %build sections, the %install section is executed. Looking at the output, we see that RPM changes directory into cdplayer's top-level directory and issues the make install command, the sole command in the %install section. The output from that point until the first exit 0, is from make install.

The remaining commands are due to the contents of the spec file's %files list. Here's what it looks like:

%files %doc README /usr/local/bin/cdp /usr/local/bin/cdplay /usr/local/man/man1/cdp.1

The line responsible is %doc README. The %doc tag identifies the file as being documentation. RPM handles documentation files by creating a directory in /usr/doc and placing all documentation in it. The exit 0 at the end signifies the end of the %install section. RPM stops due to the -bi option.

The next step at which RPM's build process can be stopped is after the software's binary package file has been created. This is done using the -bb option:

rpm -bb — Execute %prep, %build, %install, package (bin)

# rpm -bb cdplayer-1.0.spec
* Package: cdplayer
Executing: %prep
…
+ exit 0
Executing: %build
…
+ exit 0
Executing: %install
…
+ exit 0
Executing: special doc
…
+ exit 0
Binary Packaging: cdplayer-1.0-1
Finding dependencies...
Requires (2): libc.so.5 libncurses.so.2.0
usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1
usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1/README
usr/local/bin/cdp
usr/local/bin/cdplay
usr/local/man/man1/cdp.1
93 blocks
Generating signature: 0
Wrote: /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386/cdplayer-1.0-1.i386.rpm
+ umask 022
+ echo Executing: %clean
Executing: %clean
+ cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD
+ cd cdplayer-1.0
+ exit 0
# 
        

After executing the %prep, %build, and %install sections, and handling any special documentation files, RPM then creates a binary package file. In the sample output, we see that first RPM performs automatic dependency checking. It does this by determining which shared libraries are required by the executable programs contained in the package. Next, RPM actually archives the files to be packaged, optionally signs the package file, and outputs the finished product.

The last part of RPM's output looks suspiciously like a section in the spec file being executed. In our example, there is no %clean section. If there were, however, RPM would have executed any commands in the section. In the absence of a %clean section, RPM simply issues the usual cd commands and exits normally.

rpm -ba — Execute %prep, %build, %install, package (bin, src)

The -ba option directs RPM to perform all the stages in building a package. With this one command, RPM:

• Unpacks the original sources.

• Applies patches (if desired).

• Builds the software.

• Installs the software.

• Creates the binary package file.

• Creates the source package file.

That's quite a bit of work for one command! Here it is, in action:

# rpm -ba cdplayer-1.0.spec * Package: cdplayer Executing: %prep … + exit 0 Executing: %build … + exit 0 Executing: %install … + exit 0 Executing: special doc … + exit 0 Binary Packaging: cdplayer-1.0-1 … Executing: %clean … + exit 0 Source Packaging: cdplayer-1.0-1 cdplayer-1.0.spec cdplayer-1.0.tgz 80 blocks Generating signature: 0 Wrote: /usr/src/redhat/SRPMS/cdplayer-1.0-1.src.rpm #

As in previous examples, RPM executes the %prep, %build, and %install sections, handles any special documentation files, creates a binary package file, and cleans up after itself.

The final step in the build process is to create a source package file. As the output shows, it consists of the spec file and the original sources. A source package may optionally include one or more patch files, although in our example, cdplayer requires none.

At the end of a build using the -ba option, the software has been successfully built and packaged in both binary and source form. But there are a few more build-time options that we can use. One of them is the -bl option:

rpm -bl — Check %files list

There's one last letter that may be specified with rpm -b, but unlike the others, which indicate the stage at which the build process is to stop, this option performs a variety of checks on the %files list in the named spec file. When l is added to rpm -b, the following checks are performed:

• Expands the spec file's %files list and checks that each file listed actually exists.

• Determines what shared libraries the software requires by examining every executable file listed.

• Determines what shared libraries are provided by the package.

Why is it necessary to do all this checking? When would it be useful? Keep in mind that the %files list must be generated manually. By using the -bl option, the following steps are all that's necessary to create a %files list:

• Writing the %files list.

• Using the -bl option to check the %files list.

• Making any necessary changes to the %files list.

It may take more than one iteration through these steps, but eventually the list check will pass. Using the -bl option to check the %files list is certainly better than starting a two-hour package build, only to find out at the very end that the list contains a misspelled filename.

Here's an example of the -bl option in action:

# rpm -bl cdplayer-1.0.spec * Package: cdplayer File List Check: cdplayer-1.0-1 Finding dependencies... Requires (2): libc.so.5 libncurses.so.2.0 #

It's hard to see exactly what RPM is doing from the output, but if we add -vv, we can get a bit more information:

# rpm -bl -vv cdplayer-1.0.spec D: Switched to BASE package D: Source(0) = sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/apps/sound/cds/cdplayer-1.0.tgz D: Switching to part: 12 D: fileFile = D: Switched to package: (null) D: Switching to part: 2 D: fileFile = D: Switching to part: 3 D: fileFile = D: Switching to part: 4 D: fileFile = D: Switching to part: 10 D: fileFile = D: Switched to package: (null) * Package: cdplayer File List Check: cdplayer-1.0-1 D: ADDING: /usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1 D: ADDING: /usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1/README D: ADDING: /usr/local/bin/cdp D: ADDING: /usr/local/bin/cdplay D: ADDING: /usr/local/man/man1/cdp.1 D: md5(/usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1/README) = 2c149b2fb1a4d65418131a19b242601c D: md5(/usr/local/bin/cdp) = 0f2a7a2f81812c75fd01c52f456798d6 D: md5(/usr/local/bin/cdplay) = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e D: md5(/usr/local/man/man1/cdp.1) = b32cc867ae50e2bdfa4d6780b084adfa Finding dependencies... D: Adding require: libncurses.so.2.0 D: Adding require: libc.so.5 Requires (2): libc.so.5 libncurses.so.2.0 #

Looking at this more verbose output, it's easy to see there's a great deal going on. Some of it is not directly pertinent to checking the %files list, however. For example, the output extending from the first line, to the line reading * Package: cdplayer, reflects processing that takes place during actual package building, and can be ignored.

Following that section is the actual %files list check. In this section, every file named in the %files list is checked to make sure it exists. The phrase, ADDING:, again reflects RPM's package building roots. When using the -bl option, however, RPM is simply making sure the files exist on the build system. If the --timecheck option (described a bit later, on the section called --timecheck <secs> — Print a warning if files to be packaged are over <secs> old) is present, the checks required by that option are performed here, as well.

After the list check, the MD5 checksums of each file are calculated and displayed. While this information is vital during actual package building, it is not used when using the -bl option.

Finally, RPM determines which shared libraries the listed files require. In this case, there are only two — libc.so.5, and libncurses.so.2.0. While not strictly a part of the list-checking process, displaying shared library dependencies can be quite helpful at this point. It can point out possible problems, such as assuming that the target systems have a certain library installed when, in fact, they do not.

So far, we've only seen what happens when the %files list is correct. Let's see what happens where the list has problems. In this example, we've added a bogus file to the package's %files list:

# rpm -bl cdplayer-1.0.spec * Package: cdplayer File List Check: cdplayer-1.0-1 File not found: /usr/local/bin/bogus Build failed. #

Reflecting more of its package building roots, rpm -bl says that the "build failed". But the bottom line is that there is no such file as /usr/bin/bogus. In this example we made the name obviously wrong, but in a more real-world setting, the name will more likely be a misspelling in the %files list. OK, let's correct the %files list and try again:

# rpm -bl cdplayer-1.0.spec * Package: cdplayer File List Check: cdplayer-1.0-1 File not found: /usr/local/bin/cdplay Build failed. #

Another error! In this case the file is spelled correctly, but it is not on the build system, even though it should be. Perhaps it was deleted accidentally. In any case, let's rebuild the software and try again:

# rpm -bi cdplayer-1.0.spec * Package: cdplayer Executing: %prep … + exit 0 Executing: %build … + exit 0 Executing: %install … ln -s /usr/local/bin/cdp /usr/local/bin/cdplay … + exit 0 Executing: special doc … + exit 0 # # rpm -bl cdplayer-1.0.spec * Package: cdplayer File List Check: cdplayer-1.0-1 Finding dependencies... Requires (2): libc.so.5 libncurses.so.2.0 #

Done! The moral to this story is that using rpm -bl and fixing the error it flagged doesn't necessarily mean your %files list is ready for prime-time: Always run it again to make sure!

--short-circuit — Force build to start at particular stage

Although it sounds dangerous, the --short-circuit option can be your friend. This option is used during the initial development of a package. Earlier in the chapter, we explored stopping RPM's build process at different stages. Using --short-circuit, we can start the build process at different stages.

One time that --short-circuit comes in handy is when you're trying to get software to build properly. Just think what it would be like — you're hacking away at the sources, trying a build, getting an error, and hacking some more to fix that error. Without --short-circuit, you'd have to:

1. Make your change to the sources.

2. Use tar to create a new source archive.

3. Start a build with something like rpm -bc.

4. See another bug.

5. Go back to step 1.

Pretty cumbersome! Since RPM's build process is designed to start with the sources in their original tar file, unless your modifications end up in that tar file, they won't be used in the next build. [1]

But there's another way. Just follow these steps:

1. Place the original source tar file in RPM's SOURCES directory.

2. Create a partial spec file in RPM's SPECS directory (Be sure to include a valid Source line).

3. Issue an rpm -bp to properly create the build environment.

Now use --short-circuit to attempt a compile. Here's an example:

# rpm -bc --short-circuit cdplayer-1.0.spec * Package: cdplayer + umask 022 + echo Executing: %build Executing: %build + cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD + cd cdplayer-1.0 + make gcc -Wall -O2 -c -I/usr/include/ncurses cdp.c gcc -Wall -O2 -c -I/usr/include/ncurses color.c gcc -Wall -O2 -c -I/usr/include/ncurses display.c gcc -Wall -O2 -c -I/usr/include/ncurses misc.c gcc -Wall -O2 -c -I/usr/include/ncurses volume.c volume.c: In function `mix_set_volume': volume.c:67: warning: implicit declaration of function `ioctl' gcc -Wall -O2 -c -I/usr/include/ncurses hardware.c gcc -Wall -O2 -c -I/usr/include/ncurses database.c gcc -Wall -O2 -c -I/usr/include/ncurses getline.c gcc -o cdp cdp.o color.o display.o misc.o volume.o hardware.o database.o getline.o -I/usr/include/ncurses -L/usr/lib -lncurses groff -Tascii -man cdp.1 | compress >cdp.1.Z + exit 0 #

Normally, the -bc option instructs RPM to stop the build after the %build section of the spec file has been executed. By adding --short-circuit, however, RPM starts the build by executing the %build section and stops when everything in %build has been executed.

There is only one other build stage that can be --short-circuit'ed, and that is the install stage. The reason for this restriction is to make it difficult to bypass RPM's use of pristine sources. If it were possible to --short-circuit to -bb or -ba, a package builder might take the "easy" way out and simply hack at the build tree until the software built successfully, then package the hacked sources. So, RPM will only --short-circuit to -bc or -bi. Nothing else will do.

What exactly does an rpm -bi --short-circuit do, anyway? Like an rpm -bc --short-circuit, it starts executing at the named stage, which in this case is %install. Note that the build environment must be ready to perform an install before attempting to --short-circuit to the %install stage. If the software installs via make install, make will automatically compile the software anyway.

And what happens if the build environment isn't ready and a --short-circuit is attempted? Let's see:

# rpm -bi --short-circuit cdplayer-1.0.spec * Package: cdplayer + umask 022 + echo Executing: %install Executing: %install + cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD + cd cdplayer-1.0 /var/tmp/rpmbu01157aaa: cdplayer-1.0: No such file or directory Bad exit status #

RPM blindly started executing the %install stage, but came to an abrupt halt when it attempted to change directory into cdplayer-1.0, which didn't exist. After giving a descriptive error message, RPM exited with a failure status. Except for some minor differences, rpm -bc would have failed in the same way.

--buildarch <arch> — Perform Build For the <arch> Architecture

The --buildarch option is used to override RPM's architecture detection logic. The option is followed by the desired architecture name. Here's an example:

# rpm -ba --buildarch i486 cdplayer-1.0.spec * Package: cdplayer … Binary Packaging: cdplayer-1.0-1 … Wrote: /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i486/cdplayer-1.0-1.i486.rpm … Wrote: /usr/src/redhat/SRPMS/cdplayer-1.0-1.src.rpm #

We've removed most of RPM's output from this example, but the main thing we can see from this example is that the package was built for the i486 architecture, due to the inclusion of the --buildarch option on the command line. We can also see that RPM wrote the binary package in the architecture-specific directory, /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i486. Using RPM's --queryformat option confirms the package's architecture:

# rpm -qp --queryformat '%{arch}\n' /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i486/cdplayer-1.0-1.i486.rpm i486 #

For more information on build packages for multiple architectures, please see Chapter 19.

--buildos <os> — Perform Build For the <os> Operating System

The --buildos option is used to override RPM's operating system detection logic. The option is followed by the desired operating system name. Here's an example:

# rpm -ba --buildos osf1 cdplayer-1.0.spec … Binary Packaging: cdplayer-1.0-1 … Wrote: /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386/cdplayer-1.0-1.i386.rpm Source Packaging: cdplayer-1.0-1 … Wrote: /usr/src/redhat/SRPMS/cdplayer-1.0-1.src.rpm #

There's nothing in the build output that explicitly states the build operating system as been set to osf1. Let's see if --queryformat will tell us:

# rpm -qp --queryformat '%{os}\n' /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386/cdplayer-1.0-1.i386.rpm osf1 #

The package was indeed built for the specified operating system. For more information on building packages for multiple operating systems, please see Chapter 19.

--sign — Add a Digital Signature to the Package

The --sign option directs RPM to add a digital signature to the package being built. Currently, this is done using PGP. Here's an example of --sign in action:

# rpm -ba --sign cdplayer-1.0.spec Enter pass phrase: passphrase (not echoed) Pass phrase is good. * Package: cdplayer … Binary Packaging: cdplayer-1.0-1 … Generating signature: 1002 Wrote: /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386/cdplayer-1.0-1.i386.rpm … Source Packaging: cdplayer-1.0-1 … Generating signature: 1002 Wrote: /usr/src/redhat/SRPMS/cdplayer-1.0-1.src.rpm #

The most obvious effect of adding the --sign option to a build command is that RPM then asks for your private key's passphrase. After entering the passphrase (which isn't echoed), the build proceeds as usual. The only other difference between this and a non-signed build is that the Generating signature: lines have a non-zero value.

Let's check the source and binary packages we've just created and see if they are, in fact, signed:

# rpm --checksig /usr/src/redhat/SRPMS/cdplayer-1.0-1.src.rpm /usr/src/redhat/SRPMS/cdplayer-1.0-1.src.rpm: size pgp md5 OK # rpm --checksig /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386/cdplayer-1.0-1.i386.rpm /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386/cdplayer-1.0-1.i386.rpm: size pgp md5 OK #

The fact that there is a pgp in --checksig's output indicates that the packages have been signed.

For more information on signing packages, please see Chapter 17. Also, Appendix G contains information on obtaining and installing PGP.

--test — Create, Save Build Scripts For Review

There are times when it might be necessary to get a more in-depth view of a particular build. By using the --test option, it's easy. When --test is added to a build command, the scripts RPM would normally use to actually perform the build, are created and saved for you to review. Let's see how it works:

# rpm -ba --test cdplayer-1.0.spec * Package: cdplayer #

Unlike a normal build, there's not much output. But the --test option has caused a set of scripts to be written and saved for you. The question is: Where are they?

If you are using a customized rpmrc file, the scripts will be written to the directory specified by the rpmrc entry tmppath. If you haven't changed this setting, RPM, by default, writes the scripts in /var/tmp. Here they are:

# ls -l /var/tmp total 4 -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 670 Sep 17 20:35 rpmbu00236aaa -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 449 Sep 17 20:35 rpmbu00236baa -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 482 Sep 17 20:35 rpmbu00236caa -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 552 Sep 17 20:35 rpmbu00236daa #

Each file contains a script that performs a given part of the build. Here's the first file:

#!/bin/sh -e # Script generated by rpm RPM_SOURCE_DIR="/usr/src/redhat/SOURCES" RPM_BUILD_DIR="/usr/src/redhat/BUILD" RPM_DOC_DIR="/usr/doc" RPM_OPT_FLAGS="-O2 -m486 -fno-strength-reduce" RPM_ARCH="i386" RPM_OS="Linux" RPM_ROOT_DIR="/tmp/cdplayer" RPM_BUILD_ROOT="/tmp/cdplayer" RPM_PACKAGE_NAME="cdplayer" RPM_PACKAGE_VERSION="1.0" RPM_PACKAGE_RELEASE="1" set -x umask 022 echo Executing: %prep cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD rm -rf cdplayer-1.0 gzip -dc /usr/src/redhat/SOURCES/cdplayer-1.0.tgz | tar -xvvf - if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then exit $? fi cd cdplayer-1.0 cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD/cdplayer-1.0 chown -R root.root . chmod -R a+rX,g-w,o-w .

As we can see, this script contains the %prep section from the spec file. The script starts off by defining a number of environment variables and then leads into the %prep section. In the spec file used in this build, the %prep section consists of a single %setup macro. In this file, we can see exactly how RPM expands that macro. The remaining files follow the same basic layout — a section defining environment variables, followed by the commands to be executed.

Note that the --test option will only create script files for each build stage, as specified in the command line. For example, if the above command was changed to:

# rpm -bp --test cdplayer-1.0.spec #

only one script file, containing the %prep commands, would be written. In any case, no matter what RPM build command is used, the --test option can let you see exactly what is going to happen during a build.

--clean — Clean up after build

The --clean option can be used to ensure that the package's build directory tree is removed at the end of a build. Although it can be used with any build stage, it doesn't always make much sense to do so:

# rpm -bp --clean cdplayer-1.0.spec * Package: cdplayer Executing: %prep … + exit 0 + echo Executing: sweep Executing: sweep + cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD + rm -rf cdplayer-1.0 + exit 0 #

In this example, we see a typical %prep section being executed. The line "+ echo Executing: sweep" indicates the start of --clean's activity. After changing directory into the build directory, RPM then issues a recursive delete on the package's top-level directory.

As we noted above, this particular example doesn't make much sense. We're only executing the %prep section, which creates the package's build tree, and using --clean, which removes it! Using --clean with the -bc option isn't very productive either, as the newly built software remains in the build tree. Once again, there would be no remnants left after --clean has done its thing.

Normally, the --clean option is used once the software builds and can be packaged successfully. It is particularly useful when more than one package is to be built, since --clean ensures that the filesystem holding the build area will not fill up with build trees from each package.

Note also that the --clean option only removes the files that reside in the software's build tree. If there are any files that the build creates outside of this hierarchy, it will be necessary to write a script for the spec file's %clean section.

--buildroot <path> — Execute %install using <path> as the root

The --buildroot option can make two difficult situations much easier:

• Performing a build without impacting the build system.

• Allowing non-root users to build packages.

Let's study the first situation in a bit more detail. Say, for example, that sendmail is to be packaged. In the course of creating a sendmail package, the software must be installed. This would mean that critical sendmail files, such as sendmail.cf and aliases, would be overwritten. Mail handling on the build system would almost certainly be disrupted.

In the second case, it's certainly possible to set permissions such that non-root users can install software, but highly unlikely that any system administrator worth their salt would do so. What can be done to make these situations more tenable?

The --buildroot option is used to instruct RPM to use a directory other than / as a "build root". This phrase is a bit misleading, in that the build root is not the root directory under which the software is built. Rather, it is the root directory for the install phase of the build. When a build root is not specified, the software being packaged is installed relative to the build system's root directory "/".

However, it's not enough to just specify a build root on the command line. The spec file for the package must be set up to support a build root. If you don't make the necessary changes, this is what you'll see:

# rpm -ba --buildroot /tmp/foo cdplayer-1.0.spec Package can not do build prefixes Build failed. #

Chapter 16 has complete instructions on the modifications necessary to configure a package to use an alternate build root, as well as methods to permit users to build packages without root access. Assuming that the necessary modifications have been made, here is what the build would look like:

# rpm -ba --buildroot /tmp/foonly cdplayer-1.0.spec * Package: cdplayer Executing: %prep + cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD … + exit 0 Executing: %build + cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD + cd cdplayer-1.0 … + exit 0 + umask 022 Executing: %install + cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD + cd cdplayer-1.0 + make ROOT=/tmp/foonly install install -m 755 -o 0 -g 0 -d /tmp/foonly/usr/local/bin/ install -m 755 -o 0 -g 0 cdp /tmp/foonly/usr/local/bin/cdp rm -f /tmp/foonly/usr/local/bin/cdplay ln -s /tmp/foonly/usr/local/bin/cdp /tmp/foonly/usr/local/bin/cdplay install -m 755 -o 0 -g 0 -d /tmp/foonly/usr/local/man/man1/ install -m 755 -o 0 -g 0 cdp.1 /tmp/foonly/usr/local/man/man1/cdp.1 + exit 0 Executing: special doc + cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD + cd cdplayer-1.0 + DOCDIR=/tmp/foonly//usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1 + rm -rf /tmp/foonly//usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1 + mkdir -p /tmp/foonly//usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1 + cp -ar README /tmp/foonly//usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1 + exit 0 Binary Packaging: cdplayer-1.0-1 Finding dependencies... Requires (2): libc.so.5 libncurses.so.2.0 usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1 usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1/README usr/local/bin/cdp usr/local/bin/cdplay usr/local/man/man1/cdp.1 93 blocks Generating signature: 0 Wrote: /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386/cdplayer-1.0-1.i386.rpm + umask 022 + echo Executing: %clean Executing: %clean + cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD + cd cdplayer-1.0 + exit 0 Source Packaging: cdplayer-1.0-1 cdplayer-1.0.spec cdplayer-1.0.tgz 82 blocks Generating signature: 0 Wrote: /usr/src/redhat/SRPMS/cdplayer-1.0-1.src.rpm #

As the somewhat edited output shows, the %prep, %build, and %install sections are executed in RPM's normal build directory. However, the --buildroot option comes into play when the make install is done. As we can see, the ROOT variable is set to /tmp/foonly, which was the value following --buildroot on the command line. From that point on, we can see that make substituted the new build root value during the install phase.

The build root is also used when documentation files are installed. The documentation directory cdplayer-1.0-1 is created in /tmp/foonly/usr/doc, and the README file is placed in it.

The only remaining difference that results from using --buildroot, is that the files to be included in the binary package are not located relative to the build system's root directory. Instead they are located relative to the build root /tmp/foonly. The resulting binary and source package files are functionally equivalent to packages built without the use of --buildroot.

--timecheck <secs> — Print a warning if files to be packaged are over <secs> old

While it's possible to detect many errors in the %files list using rpm -bl, there is another type of problem that can't be detected. Consider the following scenario:

• A package you're building creates the file /usr/bin/foo.

• Because of a problem with the package's makefile, foo is never copied into /usr/bin.

• An older, incompatible version of foo, created several months ago, already exists in /usr/bin.

• RPM creates the binary package file.

Is the incompatible /usr/bin/foo included in the package? You bet it is! If only there was some way for RPM to catch this type of problem…

Well, there is! By adding --timecheck, followed by a number, RPM will check each file being packaged, to see if the file is more than the specified number of seconds old. If it is, a warning message is displayed. The --timecheck option works with either the -ba or -bl options. Here's an example using -bl:

# rpm -bl --timecheck 3600 cdplayer-1.0.spec * Package: cdplayer File List Check: cdplayer-1.0-1 warning: TIMECHECK failure: /usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1/README Finding dependencies... Requires (2): libc.so.5 libncurses.so.2.0 #

In this example, the file /usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1/README is more than 3,600 seconds, or one hour, old. If we take a look at the file, we find that it is: [3]

# ls -al /usr/doc/cdplayer-1.0-1/README -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1085 Nov 10 1995 README #

In this particular case, the warning from --timecheck is no cause for alarm. Since the README file was simply copied from the original source, which was created November 10th, 1995, its date is unchanged. If the file had been an executable or a library that was supposedly built recently, --timecheck's warning should be taken more seriously.

If you'd like to set a default time check value of one hour, you can include the following line in your rpmrc file:

timecheck: 3600

This value can still be overridden by a value on the command line, if desired. For more information on the use of rpmrc files, see Appendix B.

-vv — Display debugging information

Unlike most other RPM commands, there is no -v option for rpm -b. That's because the command's default is to be verbose. However, even more information can be obtained by adding -vv. Here's an example:

# rpm -bp -vv cdplayer-1.0.spec D: Switched to BASE package D: Source(0) = sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/apps/sound/cds/cdplayer-1.0.tgz D: Switching to part: 12 D: fileFile = D: Switched to package: (null) D: Switching to part: 2 D: fileFile = D: Switching to part: 3 D: fileFile = D: Switching to part: 4 D: fileFile = D: Switching to part: 10 D: fileFile = D: Switched to package: (null) * Package: cdplayer D: RUNNING: %prep + umask 022 + echo Executing: %prep Executing: %prep + cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD + cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD + rm -rf cdplayer-1.0 + gzip -dc /usr/src/redhat/SOURCES/cdplayer-1.0.tgz + tar -xvvf - drwxrwxr-x root/users 0 Aug 4 22:30 1996 cdplayer-1.0/ -rw-r--r-- root/users 17982 Nov 10 01:10 1995 cdplayer-1.0/COPYING … -rw-r--r-- root/users 1515 Nov 10 01:10 1995 cdplayer-1.0/volume.h + [ 0 -ne 0 ] + cd cdplayer-1.0 + cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD/cdplayer-1.0 + chown -R root.root . + chmod -R a+rX,g-w,o-w . + exit 0 #

Most of the output generated by the -vv option is preceded by a D:. In this example, the additional output represents RPM's internal processing during the start of the build process. Using the -vv option with other build commands will produce different output.

--quiet — Produce as Little Output as Possible

As we mentioned above, the build command is normally verbose. The --quiet option can be used to cut down on the command's output:

# rpm -ba --quiet cdplayer-1.0.spec * Package: cdplayer volume.c: In function `mix_set_volume': volume.c:67: warning: implicit declaration of function `ioctl' 90 blocks 82 blocks #

This is the entire output from a package build of cdplayer. Note that warning messages (actually, anything sent to stdout) are still printed.

--rcfile <rcfile> — Set alternate rpmrc file to <rcfile>

The --rcfile option is used to specify a file containing default settings for RPM. Normally, this option is not needed. By default, RPM uses /etc/rpmrc and a file named .rpmrc located in your login directory.

This option would be used if there was a need to switch between several sets of RPM defaults. Software developers and package builders will normally be the only people using the --rcfile option. For more information on rpmrc files, see Appendix B.