This is nasm.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.0 from nasmdoc.texi.

INFO-DIR-SECTION Programming
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* NASM: (nasm).                The Netwide Assembler for x86.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

This file documents NASM, the Netwide Assembler: an assembler targetting
the Intel x86 series of processors, with portable source.

   Copyright 1996-2016 The NASM Development Team

   This document is redistributable under the license given in the file
"LICENSE" distributed in the NASM archive.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section B.1.37,  Next: Section B.1.38,  Prev: Section B.1.36,  Up: Section B.1

B.1.37. MJC PUBLIC END
----------------------

     RDPKRU                                    X64,FUTURE
     WRPKRU                                    X64,FUTURE
     CLFLUSHOPT       mem                      FUTURE


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section B.1.38,  Next: Appendix C,  Prev: Section B.1.37,  Up: Section B.1

B.1.38. Systematic names for the hinting nop instructions
---------------------------------------------------------

     HINT_NOP0        rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP0        rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP0        rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP1        rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP1        rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP1        rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP2        rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP2        rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP2        rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP3        rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP3        rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP3        rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP4        rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP4        rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP4        rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP5        rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP5        rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP5        rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP6        rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP6        rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP6        rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP7        rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP7        rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP7        rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP8        rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP8        rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP8        rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP9        rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP9        rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP9        rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP10       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP10       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP10       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP11       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP11       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP11       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP12       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP12       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP12       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP13       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP13       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP13       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP14       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP14       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP14       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP15       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP15       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP15       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP16       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP16       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP16       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP17       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP17       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP17       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP18       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP18       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP18       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP19       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP19       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP19       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP20       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP20       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP20       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP21       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP21       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP21       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP22       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP22       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP22       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP23       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP23       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP23       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP24       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP24       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP24       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP25       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP25       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP25       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP26       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP26       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP26       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP27       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP27       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP27       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP28       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP28       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP28       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP29       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP29       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP29       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP30       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP30       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP30       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP31       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP31       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP31       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP32       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP32       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP32       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP33       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP33       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP33       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP34       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP34       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP34       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP35       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP35       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP35       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP36       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP36       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP36       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP37       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP37       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP37       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP38       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP38       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP38       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP39       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP39       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP39       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP40       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP40       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP40       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP41       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP41       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP41       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP42       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP42       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP42       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP43       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP43       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP43       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP44       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP44       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP44       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP45       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP45       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP45       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP46       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP46       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP46       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP47       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP47       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP47       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP48       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP48       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP48       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP49       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP49       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP49       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP50       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP50       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP50       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP51       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP51       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP51       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP52       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP52       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP52       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP53       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP53       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP53       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP54       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP54       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP54       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP55       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP55       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP55       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP56       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP56       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP56       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP57       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP57       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP57       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP58       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP58       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP58       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP59       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP59       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP59       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP60       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP60       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP60       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP61       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP61       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP61       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP62       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP62       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP62       rm64                     X64,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP63       rm16                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP63       rm32                     P6,UNDOC
     HINT_NOP63       rm64                     X64,UNDOC


File: nasm.info,  Node: Appendix C,  Next: Section C.1,  Prev: Section B.1.38,  Up: Top

Appendix C: NASM Version History
********************************

* Menu:

* Section C.1:: NASM 2 Series
* Section C.2:: NASM 0.98 Series
* Section C.3:: NASM 0.9 Series


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1,  Next: Section C.1.1,  Prev: Appendix C,  Up: Appendix C

C.1. NASM 2 Series
==================

The NASM 2 series supports x86-64, and is the production version of NASM
since 2007.

* Menu:

* Section C.1.1:: Version 2.12
* Section C.1.2:: Version 2.11.09
* Section C.1.3:: Version 2.11.08
* Section C.1.4:: Version 2.11.07
* Section C.1.5:: Version 2.11.06
* Section C.1.6:: Version 2.11.05
* Section C.1.7:: Version 2.11.04
* Section C.1.8:: Version 2.11.03
* Section C.1.9:: Version 2.11.02
* Section C.1.10:: Version 2.11.01
* Section C.1.11:: Version 2.11
* Section C.1.12:: Version 2.10.09
* Section C.1.13:: Version 2.10.08
* Section C.1.14:: Version 2.10.07
* Section C.1.15:: Version 2.10.06
* Section C.1.16:: Version 2.10.05
* Section C.1.17:: Version 2.10.04
* Section C.1.18:: Version 2.10.03
* Section C.1.19:: Version 2.10.02
* Section C.1.20:: Version 2.10.01
* Section C.1.21:: Version 2.10
* Section C.1.22:: Version 2.09.10
* Section C.1.23:: Version 2.09.09
* Section C.1.24:: Version 2.09.08
* Section C.1.25:: Version 2.09.07
* Section C.1.26:: Version 2.09.06
* Section C.1.27:: Version 2.09.05
* Section C.1.28:: Version 2.09.04
* Section C.1.29:: Version 2.09.03
* Section C.1.30:: Version 2.09.02
* Section C.1.31:: Version 2.09.01
* Section C.1.32:: Version 2.09
* Section C.1.33:: Version 2.08.02
* Section C.1.34:: Version 2.08.01
* Section C.1.35:: Version 2.08
* Section C.1.36:: Version 2.07
* Section C.1.37:: Version 2.06
* Section C.1.38:: Version 2.05.01
* Section C.1.39:: Version 2.05
* Section C.1.40:: Version 2.04
* Section C.1.41:: Version 2.03.01
* Section C.1.42:: Version 2.03
* Section C.1.43:: Version 2.02
* Section C.1.44:: Version 2.01
* Section C.1.45:: Version 2.00


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.1,  Next: Section C.1.2,  Prev: Section C.1,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.1. Version 2.12
-------------------

   * Major fixes to the 'macho' backend (*note Section 7.8::); earlier
     versions would produce invalid symbols and relocations on a regular
     basis.

   * Support for thread-local storage in Mach-O.

   * Support for arbitrary sections in Mach-O.

   * Fix wrong negative size treated as a big positive value passed into
     backend causing NASM to crash.

   * Fix handling of zero-extending unsigned relocations, we have been
     printing wrong message and forgot to assign segment with predefined
     value before passing it into output format.

   * Fix potential write of oversized (with size greater than allowed in
     output format) relative relocations.

   * Portability fixes for building NASM with LLVM compiler.

   * Add support of Codeview version 8 ('cv8') debug format for 'win32'
     and 'win64' formats in the 'COFF' backend, see *note Section
     7.5.3::.

   * Allow 64-bit outputs in 16/32-bit only backends.  Unsigned 64-bit
     relocations are zero-extended from 32-bits with a warning
     (suppressible via '-w-zext-reloc'); signed 64-bit relocations are
     an arror.

   * Line numbers in list files now correspond to the lines in the
     source files, instead of simply being sequential.

   * There is now an official 64-bit (x64 a.k.a.  x86-64) build for
     Windows.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.2,  Next: Section C.1.3,  Prev: Section C.1.1,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.2. Version 2.11.09
----------------------

   * Fix potential stack overwrite in 'macho32' backend.

   * Fix relocation records in 'macho64' backend.

   * Fix symbol lookup computation in 'macho64' backend.

   * Adjust '.symtab' and '.rela.text' sections alignments to 8 bytes in
     'elf64' backed.

   * Fix section length computation in 'bin' backend which leaded in
     incorrect relocation records.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.3,  Next: Section C.1.4,  Prev: Section C.1.2,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.3. Version 2.11.08
----------------------

   * Fix section length computation in 'bin' backend which leaded in
     incorrect relocation records.

   * Add a warning for numeric preprocessor definitions passed via
     command line which might have unexpected results otherwise.

   * Add ability to specify a module name record in 'rdoff' linker with
     '-mn' option.

   * Increase label length capacity up to 256 bytes in 'rdoff' backend
     for FreePascal sake, which tends to generate very long labels for
     procedures.

   * Fix segmentation failure when rip addressing is used in 'macho64'
     backend.

   * Fix access on out of memory when handling strings with a single
     grave.  We have sixed similar problem in previous release but not
     all cases were covered.

   * Fix NULL dereference in disassembled on 'BND' instruction.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.4,  Next: Section C.1.5,  Prev: Section C.1.3,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.4. Version 2.11.07
----------------------

   * Fix 256 bit 'VMOVNTPS' instruction.

   * Fix '-MD' option handling, which was rather broken in previous
     release changing command line api.

   * Fix access to unitialized space when handling strings with a single
     grave.

   * Fix nil dereference in handling memory reference parsing.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.5,  Next: Section C.1.6,  Prev: Section C.1.4,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.5. Version 2.11.06
----------------------

   * Update AVX512 instructions based on the Extension Reference
     (319433-021 Sept 2014).

   * Fix the behavior of '-MF' and '-MD' options (Bugzilla 3392280)

   * Updated Win32 Makefile to fix issue with build


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.6,  Next: Section C.1.7,  Prev: Section C.1.5,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.6. Version 2.11.05
----------------------

   * Add '--v' as an alias for '-v' (see *note Section 2.1.25::), for
     command-line compatibility with Yasm.

   * Fix a bug introduced in 2.11.03 whereby certain instructions would
     contain multiple REX prefixes, and thus be corrupt.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.7,  Next: Section C.1.8,  Prev: Section C.1.6,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.7. Version 2.11.04
----------------------

   * Removed an invalid error checking code.  Sometimes a memref only
     with a displacement can also set an evex flag.  For example:

           vmovdqu32 [0xabcd]{k1}, zmm0

   * Fixed a bug in disassembler that EVEX.L'L vector length was not
     matched when EVEX.b was set because it was simply considered as
     EVEC.RC. Separated EVEX.L'L case from EVEX.RC which is ignored in
     matching.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.8,  Next: Section C.1.9,  Prev: Section C.1.7,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.8. Version 2.11.03
----------------------

   * Fix a bug there REX prefixes were missing on instructions inside a
     'TIMES' statement.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.9,  Next: Section C.1.10,  Prev: Section C.1.8,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.9. Version 2.11.02
----------------------

   * Add the 'XSAVEC', 'XSAVES' and 'XRSTORS' family instructions.

   * Add the 'CLFLUSHOPT' instruction.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.10,  Next: Section C.1.11,  Prev: Section C.1.9,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.10. Version 2.11.01
-----------------------

   * Allow instructions which implicitly uses 'XMM0' ('VBLENDVPD',
     'VBLENDVPS', 'PBLENDVB' and 'SHA256RNDS2') to be specified without
     an explicit 'xmm0' on the assembly line.  In other words, the
     following two lines produce the same output:

          vblendvpd xmm2,xmm1,xmm0      ; Last operand is fixed xmm0
          vblendvpd xmm2,xmm1           ; Implicit xmm0 omitted

   * In the ELF backends, don't crash the assembler if 'section align'
     is specified without a value.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.11,  Next: Section C.1.12,  Prev: Section C.1.10,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.11. Version 2.11
--------------------

   * Add support for the Intel AVX-512 instruction set:

   * 16 new, 512-bit SIMD registers.  Total 32 '(ZMM0 ~ ZMM31)'

   * 8 new opmask registers '(K0 ~ K7)'.  One of 7 registers '(K1 ~ K7)'
     can be used as an opmask for conditional execution.

   * A new EVEX encoding prefix.  EVEX is based on VEX and provides more
     capabilities: opmasks, broadcasting, embedded rounding and
     compressed displacements.

      - opmask
          VDIVPD zmm0{k1}{z}, zmm1, zmm3  ; conditional vector operation
                                          ; using opmask k1.
                                          ; {z} is for zero-masking
      - broadcasting
          VDIVPS zmm4, zmm5, [rbx]{1to16} ; load single-precision float and
                                          ; replicate it 16 times. 32 * 16 = 512
      - embedded rounding
          VCVTSI2SD xmm6, xmm7, {rz-sae}, rax ; round toward zero. note that it
                                           ; is used as if a separate operand.
                                           ; it comes after the last SIMD operand

   * Add support for 'ZWORD' (512 bits), 'DZ' and 'RESZ'.

   * Add support for the MPX and SHA instruction sets.

   * Better handling of section redefinition.

   * Generate manpages when running ''make dist''.

   * Handle all token chains in mmacro params range.

   * Support split [base,index] effective address:

          mov eax,[eax+8,ecx*4]   ; eax=base, ecx=index, 4=scale, 8=disp

   This is expected to be most useful for the MPX instructions.

   * Support 'BND' prefix for branch instructions (for MPX).

   * The 'DEFAULT' directive can now take 'BND' and 'NOBND' options to
     indicate whether all relevant branches should be getting 'BND'
     prefixes.  This is expected to be the normal for use in MPX code.

   * Add '{evex'}, '{vex3'} and '{vex2'} instruction prefixes to have
     NASM encode the corresponding instruction, if possible, with an
     EVEX, 3-byte VEX, or 2-byte VEX prefix, respectively.

   * Support for section names longer than 8 bytes in Win32/Win64 COFF.

   * The 'NOSPLIT' directive by itself no longer forces a single
     register to become an index register, unless it has an explicit
     multiplier.

          mov eax,[nosplit eax]       ; eax as base register
          mov eax,[nosplit eax*1]     ; eax as index register


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.12,  Next: Section C.1.13,  Prev: Section C.1.11,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.12. Version 2.10.09
-----------------------

   * Pregenerate man pages.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.13,  Next: Section C.1.14,  Prev: Section C.1.12,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.13. Version 2.10.08
-----------------------

   * Fix 'VMOVNTDQA', 'MOVNTDQA' and 'MOVLPD' instructions.

   * Fix collision for 'VGATHERQPS', 'VPGATHERQD' instructions.

   * Fix 'VPMOVSXBQ', 'VGATHERQPD', 'VSPLLW' instructions.

   * Add a bunch of AMD TBM instructions.

   * Fix potential stack overwrite in numbers conversion.

   * Allow byte size in 'PREFETCHTx' instructions.

   * Make manual pages up to date.

   * Make 'F3' and 'F2' SSE prefixes to override '66'.

   * Support of AMD SVM instructions in 32 bit mode.

   * Fix near offsets code generation for 'JMP', 'CALL' instrictions in
     long mode.

   * Fix preprocessor parse regression when id is expanding to a
     whitespace.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.14,  Next: Section C.1.15,  Prev: Section C.1.13,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.14. Version 2.10.07
-----------------------

   * Fix line continuation parsing being broken in previous version.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.15,  Next: Section C.1.16,  Prev: Section C.1.14,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.15. Version 2.10.06
-----------------------

   * Always quote the dependency source names when using the automatic
     dependency generation options.

   * If no dependency target name is specified via the '-MT' or '-MQ'
     options, quote the default output name.

   * Fix assembly of shift operations in 'CPU 8086' mode.

   * Fix incorrect generation of explicit immediate byte for shift by 1
     under certain circumstances.

   * Fix assembly of the 'VPCMPGTQ' instruction.

   * Fix RIP-relative relocations in the 'macho64' backend.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.16,  Next: Section C.1.17,  Prev: Section C.1.15,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.16. Version 2.10.05
-----------------------

   * Add the 'CLAC' and 'STAC' instructions.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.17,  Next: Section C.1.18,  Prev: Section C.1.16,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.17. Version 2.10.04
-----------------------

   * Add back the inadvertently deleted 256-bit version of the 'VORPD'
     instruction.

   * Correct disassembly of instructions starting with byte '82' hex.

   * Fix corner cases in token pasting, for example:

        %define N 1e%++%+ 5
                dd N, 1e+5


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.18,  Next: Section C.1.19,  Prev: Section C.1.17,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.18. Version 2.10.03
-----------------------

   * Correct the assembly of the instruction:

     XRELEASE MOV [absolute],AL

   Previous versions would incorrectly generate 'F3 A2' for this
instruction and issue a warning; correct behavior is to emit 'F3 88 05'.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.19,  Next: Section C.1.20,  Prev: Section C.1.18,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.19. Version 2.10.02
-----------------------

   * Add the 'ifunc' macro package with integer functions, currently
     only integer logarithms.  See *note Section 5.4::.

   * Add the 'RDSEED', 'ADCX' and 'ADOX' instructions.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.20,  Next: Section C.1.21,  Prev: Section C.1.19,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.20. Version 2.10.01
-----------------------

   * Add missing VPMOVMSKB instruction with reg32, ymmreg operands.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.21,  Next: Section C.1.22,  Prev: Section C.1.20,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.21. Version 2.10
--------------------

   * When optimization is enabled, 'mov r64,imm' now optimizes to the
     shortest form possible between:

          mov r32,imm32                   ;  5 bytes
          mov r64,imm32                   ;  7 bytes
          mov r64,imm64                   ; 10 bytes

   To force a specific form, use the 'STRICT' keyword, see *note Section
3.7::.

   * Add support for the Intel AVX2 instruction set.

   * Add support for Bit Manipulation Instructions 1 and 2.

   * Add support for Intel Transactional Synchronization Extensions
     (TSX).

   * Add support for x32 ELF (32-bit ELF with the CPU in 64-bit mode.)
     See *note Section 7.9::.

   * Add support for bigendian UTF-16 and UTF-32.  See *note Section
     3.4.5::.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.22,  Next: Section C.1.23,  Prev: Section C.1.21,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.22. Version 2.09.10
-----------------------

   * Fix up NSIS script to protect uninstaller against registry keys
     absence or corruption.  It brings in a few additional questions to
     a user during deinstallation procedure but still it is better than
     unpredictable file removal.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.23,  Next: Section C.1.24,  Prev: Section C.1.22,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.23. Version 2.09.09
-----------------------

   * Fix initialization of section attributes of 'bin' output format.

   * Fix 'mach64' output format bug that crashes NASM due to NULL
     symbols.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.24,  Next: Section C.1.25,  Prev: Section C.1.23,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.24. Version 2.09.08
-----------------------

   * Fix '__OUTPUT_FORMAT__' assignment when output driver alias is
     used.  For example when '-f elf' is used '__OUTPUT_FORMAT__' must
     be set to 'elf', if '-f elf32' is used '__OUTPUT_FORMAT__' must be
     assigned accordingly, i.e.  to 'elf32'.  The rule applies to all
     output driver aliases.  See *note Section 4.12.6::.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.25,  Next: Section C.1.26,  Prev: Section C.1.24,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.25. Version 2.09.07
-----------------------

   * Fix attempts to close same file several times when '-a' option is
     used.

   * Fixes for VEXTRACTF128, VMASKMOVPS encoding.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.26,  Next: Section C.1.27,  Prev: Section C.1.25,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.26. Version 2.09.06
-----------------------

   * Fix missed section attribute initialization in 'bin' output target.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.27,  Next: Section C.1.28,  Prev: Section C.1.26,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.27. Version 2.09.05
-----------------------

   * Fix arguments encoding for VPEXTRW instruction.

   * Remove invalid form of VPEXTRW instruction.

   * Add 'VLDDQU' as alias for 'VLDQQU' to match specification.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.28,  Next: Section C.1.29,  Prev: Section C.1.27,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.28. Version 2.09.04
-----------------------

   * Fix incorrect labels offset for VEX intructions.

   * Eliminate bogus warning on implicit operand size override.

   * '%if' term could not handle 64 bit numbers.

   * The COFF backend was limiting relocations number to 16 bits even if
     in real there were a way more relocations.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.29,  Next: Section C.1.30,  Prev: Section C.1.28,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.29. Version 2.09.03
-----------------------

   * Print '%macro' name inside '%rep' blocks on error.

   * Fix preprocessor expansion behaviour.  It happened sometime too
     early and sometime simply wrong.  Move behaviour back to the
     origins (down to NASM 2.05.01).

   * Fix unitialized data dereference on OMF output format.

   * Issue warning on unterminated '%{' construct.

   * Fix for documentation typo.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.30,  Next: Section C.1.31,  Prev: Section C.1.29,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.30. Version 2.09.02
-----------------------

   * Fix reversed tokens when '%deftok' produces more than one output
     token.

   * Fix segmentation fault on disassembling some VEX instructions.

   * Missing '%endif' did not always cause error.

   * Fix typo in documentation.

   * Compound context local preprocessor single line macro identifiers
     were not expanded early enough and as result lead to unresolved
     symbols.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.31,  Next: Section C.1.32,  Prev: Section C.1.30,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.31. Version 2.09.01
-----------------------

   * Fix NULL dereference on missed %deftok second parameter.

   * Fix NULL dereference on invalid %substr parameters.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.32,  Next: Section C.1.33,  Prev: Section C.1.31,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.32. Version 2.09
--------------------

   * Fixed assignment the magnitude of '%rep' counter.  It is limited to
     62 bits now.

   * Fixed NULL dereference if argument of '%strlen' resolves to
     whitespace.  For example if nonexistent macro parameter is used.

   * '%ifenv', '%elifenv', '%ifnenv', and '%elifnenv' directives
     introduced.  See *note Section 4.4.9::.

   * Fixed NULL dereference if environment variable is missed.

   * Updates of new AVX v7 Intel instructions.

   * 'PUSH imm32' is now officially documented.

   * Fix for encoding the LFS, LGS and LSS in 64-bit mode.

   * Fixes for compatibility with OpenWatcom compiler and DOS 8.3 file
     format limitation.

   * Macros parameters range expansion introduced.  See *note Section
     4.3.4::.

   * Backward compatibility on expanging of local sigle macros restored.

   * 8 bit relocations for 'elf' and 'bin' output formats are
     introduced.

   * Short intersegment jumps are permitted now.

   * An alignment more than 64 bytes are allowed for 'win32', 'win64'
     output formats.

   * 'SECTALIGN' directive introduced.  See *note Section 4.12.13::.

   * 'nojmp' option introduced in 'smartalign' package.  See *note
     Section 5.2::.

   * Short aliases 'win', 'elf' and 'macho' for output formats are
     introduced.  Each stands for 'win32', 'elf32' and 'macho32'
     accordingly.

   * Faster handling of missing directives implemented.

   * Various small improvements in documentation.

   * No hang anymore if unable to open malloc.log file.

   * The environments without vsnprintf function are able to build nasm
     again.

   * AMD LWP instructions updated.

   * Tighten EA checks.  We warn a user if there overflow in EA
     addressing.

   * Make '-Ox' the default optimization level.  For the legacy
     behavior, specify '-O0' explicitly.  See *note Section 2.1.22::.

   * Environment variables read with '%!' or tested with '%ifenv' can
     now contain non-identifier characters if surrounded by quotes.  See
     *note Section 4.10.2::.

   * Add a new standard macro package '%use fp' for floating-point
     convenience macros.  See *note Section 5.3::.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.33,  Next: Section C.1.34,  Prev: Section C.1.32,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.33. Version 2.08.02
-----------------------

   * Fix crash under certain circumstances when using the '%+' operator.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.34,  Next: Section C.1.35,  Prev: Section C.1.33,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.34. Version 2.08.01
-----------------------

   * Fix the '%use' statement, which was broken in 2.08.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.35,  Next: Section C.1.36,  Prev: Section C.1.34,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.35. Version 2.08
--------------------

   * A number of enhancements/fixes in macros area.

   * Support for converting strings to tokens.  See *note Section
     4.1.9::.

   * Fuzzy operand size logic introduced.

   * Fix COFF stack overrun on too long export identifiers.

   * Fix Macho-O alignment bug.

   * Fix crashes with -fwin32 on file with many exports.

   * Fix stack overrun for too long [DEBUG id].

   * Fix incorrect sbyte usage in IMUL (hit only if optimization flag
     passed).

   * Append ending token for '.stabs' records in the ELF output format.

   * New NSIS script which uses ModernUI and MultiUser approach.

   * Visual Studio 2008 NASM integration (rules file).

   * Warn a user if a constant is too long (and as result will be
     stripped).

   * The obsoleted pre-XOP AMD SSE5 instruction set which was never
     actualized was removed.

   * Fix stack overrun on too long error file name passed from the
     command line.

   * Bind symbols to the .text section by default (ie in case if SECTION
     directive was omitted) in the ELF output format.

   * Fix sync points array index wrapping.

   * A few fixes for FMA4 and XOP instruction templates.

   * Add AMD Lightweight Profiling (LWP) instructions.

   * Fix the offset for '%arg' in 64-bit mode.

   * An undefined local macro ('%$') no longer matches a global macro
     with the same name.

   * Fix NULL dereference on too long local labels.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.36,  Next: Section C.1.37,  Prev: Section C.1.35,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.36. Version 2.07
--------------------

   * NASM is now under the 2-clause BSD license.  See *note Section
     1.1.2::.

   * Fix the section type for the '.strtab' section in the 'elf64'
     output format.

   * Fix the handling of 'COMMON' directives in the 'obj' output format.

   * New 'ith' and 'srec' output formats; these are variants of the
     'bin' output format which output Intel hex and Motorola S-records,
     respectively.  See *note Section 7.2:: and *note Section 7.3::.

   * 'rdf2ihx' replaced with an enhanced 'rdf2bin', which can output
     binary, COM, Intel hex or Motorola S-records.

   * The Windows installer now puts the NASM directory first in the
     'PATH' of the "NASM Shell".

   * Revert the early expansion behavior of '%+' to pre-2.06 behavior:
     '%+' is only expanded late.

   * Yet another Mach-O alignment fix.

   * Don't delete the list file on errors.  Also, include error and
     warning information in the list file.

   * Support for 64-bit Mach-O output, see *note Section 7.8::.

   * Fix assert failure on certain operations that involve strings with
     high-bit bytes.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.37,  Next: Section C.1.38,  Prev: Section C.1.36,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.37. Version 2.06
--------------------

   * This release is dedicated to the memory of Charles A. Crayne, long
     time NASM developer as well as moderator of 'comp.lang.asm.x86' and
     author of the book _Serious Assembler_.  We miss you, Chuck.

   * Support for indirect macro expansion ('%[...]').  See *note Section
     4.1.3::.

   * '%pop' can now take an argument, see *note Section 4.7.1::.

   * The argument to '%use' is no longer macro-expanded.  Use '%[...]'
     if macro expansion is desired.

   * Support for thread-local storage in ELF32 and ELF64.  See *note
     Section 7.9.4::.

   * Fix crash on '%ifmacro' without an argument.

   * Correct the arguments to the 'POPCNT' instruction.

   * Fix section alignment in the Mach-O format.

   * Update AVX support to version 5 of the Intel specification.

   * Fix the handling of accesses to context-local macros from higher
     levels in the context stack.

   * Treat 'WAIT' as a prefix rather than as an instruction, thereby
     allowing constructs like 'O16 FSAVE' to work correctly.

   * Support for structures with a non-zero base offset.  See *note
     Section 4.12.10::.

   * Correctly handle preprocessor token concatenation (see *note
     Section 4.3.9::) involving floating-point numbers.

   * The 'PINSR' series of instructions have been corrected and
     rationalized.

   * Removed AMD SSE5, replaced with the new XOP/FMA4/CVT16 (rev 3.03)
     spec.

   * The ELF backends no longer automatically generate a '.comment'
     section.

   * Add additional "well-known" ELF sections with default attributes.
     See *note Section 7.9.2::.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.38,  Next: Section C.1.39,  Prev: Section C.1.37,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.38. Version 2.05.01
-----------------------

   * Fix the '-w'/'-W' option parsing, which was broken in NASM 2.05.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.39,  Next: Section C.1.40,  Prev: Section C.1.38,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.39. Version 2.05
--------------------

   * Fix redundant REX.W prefix on 'JMP reg64'.

   * Make the behaviour of '-O0' match NASM 0.98 legacy behavior.  See
     *note Section 2.1.22::.

   * '-w-user' can be used to suppress the output of '%warning'
     directives.  See *note Section 2.1.24::.

   * Fix bug where 'ALIGN' would issue a full alignment datum instead of
     zero bytes.

   * Fix offsets in list files.

   * Fix '%include' inside multi-line macros or loops.

   * Fix error where NASM would generate a spurious warning on valid
     optimizations of immediate values.

   * Fix arguments to a number of the 'CVT' SSE instructions.

   * Fix RIP-relative offsets when the instruction carries an immediate.

   * Massive overhaul of the ELF64 backend for spec compliance.

   * Fix the Geode 'PFRCPV' and 'PFRSQRTV' instruction.

   * Fix the SSE 4.2 'CRC32' instruction.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.40,  Next: Section C.1.41,  Prev: Section C.1.39,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.40. Version 2.04
--------------------

   * Sanitize macro handing in the '%error' directive.

   * New '%warning' directive to issue user-controlled warnings.

   * '%error' directives are now deferred to the final assembly phase.

   * New '%fatal' directive to immediately terminate assembly.

   * New '%strcat' directive to join quoted strings together.

   * New '%use' macro directive to support standard macro directives.
     See *note Section 4.6.4::.

   * Excess default parameters to '%macro' now issues a warning by
     default.  See *note Section 4.3::.

   * Fix '%ifn' and '%elifn'.

   * Fix nested '%else' clauses.

   * Correct the handling of nested '%rep's.

   * New '%unmacro' directive to undeclare a multi-line macro.  See
     *note Section 4.3.12::.

   * Builtin macro '__PASS__' which expands to the current assembly
     pass.  See *note Section 4.12.9::.

   * '__utf16__' and '__utf32__' operators to generate UTF-16 and UTF-
     32 strings.  See *note Section 3.4.5::.

   * Fix bug in case-insensitive matching when compiled on platforms
     that don't use the 'configure' script.  Of the official release
     binaries, that only affected the OS/2 binary.

   * Support for x87 packed BCD constants.  See *note Section 3.4.7::.

   * Correct the 'LTR' and 'SLDT' instructions in 64-bit mode.

   * Fix unnecessary REX.W prefix on indirect jumps in 64-bit mode.

   * Add AVX versions of the AES instructions ('VAES'...).

   * Fix the 256-bit FMA instructions.

   * Add 256-bit AVX stores per the latest AVX spec.

   * VIA XCRYPT instructions can now be written either with or without
     'REP', apparently different versions of the VIA spec wrote them
     differently.

   * Add missing 64-bit 'MOVNTI' instruction.

   * Fix the operand size of 'VMREAD' and 'VMWRITE'.

   * Numerous bug fixes, especially to the AES, AVX and VTX
     instructions.

   * The optimizer now always runs until it converges.  It also runs
     even when disabled, but doesn't optimize.  This allows most forward
     references to be resolved properly.

   * '%push' no longer needs a context identifier; omitting the context
     identifier results in an anonymous context.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.41,  Next: Section C.1.42,  Prev: Section C.1.40,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.41. Version 2.03.01
-----------------------

   * Fix buffer overflow in the listing module.

   * Fix the handling of hexadecimal escape codes in '...'  strings.

   * The Postscript/PDF documentation has been reformatted.

   * The '-F' option now implies '-g'.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.42,  Next: Section C.1.43,  Prev: Section C.1.41,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.42. Version 2.03
--------------------

   * Add support for Intel AVX, CLMUL and FMA instructions, including
     YMM registers.

   * 'dy', 'resy' and 'yword' for 32-byte operands.

   * Fix some SSE5 instructions.

   * Intel 'INVEPT', 'INVVPID' and 'MOVBE' instructions.

   * Fix checking for critical expressions when the optimizer is
     enabled.

   * Support the DWARF debugging format for ELF targets.

   * Fix optimizations of signed bytes.

   * Fix operation on bigendian machines.

   * Fix buffer overflow in the preprocessor.

   * 'SAFESEH' support for Win32, 'IMAGEREL' for Win64 (SEH).

   * '%?' and '%??' to refer to the name of a macro itself.  In
     particular, '%idefine keyword $%?' can be used to make a keyword
     "disappear".

   * New options for dependency generation: '-MD', '-MF', '-MP', '-MT',
     '-MQ'.

   * New preprocessor directives '%pathsearch' and '%depend'; INCBIN
     reimplemented as a macro.

   * '%include' now resolves macros in a sane manner.

   * '%substr' can now be used to get other than one-character
     substrings.

   * New type of character/string constants, using backquotes ('`...`'),
     which support C-style escape sequences.

   * '%defstr' and '%idefstr' to stringize macro definitions before
     creation.

   * Fix forward references used in 'EQU' statements.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.43,  Next: Section C.1.44,  Prev: Section C.1.42,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.43. Version 2.02
--------------------

   * Additional fixes for MMX operands with explicit 'qword', as well as
     (hopefully) SSE operands with 'oword'.

   * Fix handling of truncated strings with 'DO'.

   * Fix segfaults due to memory overwrites when floating-point
     constants were used.

   * Fix segfaults due to missing include files.

   * Fix OpenWatcom Makefiles for DOS and OS/2.

   * Add autogenerated instruction list back into the documentation.

   * ELF: Fix segfault when generating stabs, and no symbols have been
     defined.

   * ELF: Experimental support for DWARF debugging information.

   * New compile date and time standard macros.

   * '%ifnum' now returns true for negative numbers.

   * New '%iftoken' test for a single token.

   * New '%ifempty' test for empty expansion.

   * Add support for the 'XSAVE' instruction group.

   * Makefile for Netware/gcc.

   * Fix issue with some warnings getting emitted way too many times.

   * Autogenerated instruction list added to the documentation.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.44,  Next: Section C.1.45,  Prev: Section C.1.43,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.44. Version 2.01
--------------------

   * Fix the handling of MMX registers with explicit 'qword' tags on
     memory (broken in 2.00 due to 64-bit changes.)

   * Fix the PREFETCH instructions.

   * Fix the documentation.

   * Fix debugging info when using '-f elf' (backwards compatibility
     alias for '-f elf32').

   * Man pages for rdoff tools (from the Debian project.)

   * ELF: handle large numbers of sections.

   * Fix corrupt output when the optimizer runs out of passes.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.1.45,  Next: Section C.2,  Prev: Section C.1.44,  Up: Section C.1

C.1.45. Version 2.00
--------------------

   * Added c99 data-type compliance.

   * Added general x86-64 support.

   * Added win64 (x86-64 COFF) output format.

   * Added '__BITS__' standard macro.

   * Renamed the 'elf' output format to 'elf32' for clarity.

   * Added 'elf64' and 'macho' (MacOS X) output formats.

   * Added Numeric constants in 'dq' directive.

   * Added 'oword', 'do' and 'reso' pseudo operands.

   * Allow underscores in numbers.

   * Added 8-, 16- and 128-bit floating-point formats.

   * Added binary, octal and hexadecimal floating-point.

   * Correct the generation of floating-point constants.

   * Added floating-point option control.

   * Added Infinity and NaN floating point support.

   * Added ELF Symbol Visibility support.

   * Added setting OSABI value in ELF header directive.

   * Added Generate Makefile Dependencies option.

   * Added Unlimited Optimization Passes option.

   * Added '%IFN' and '%ELIFN' support.

   * Added Logical Negation Operator.

   * Enhanced Stack Relative Preprocessor Directives.

   * Enhanced ELF Debug Formats.

   * Enhanced Send Errors to a File option.

   * Added SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, SSE5 support.

   * Added a large number of additional instructions.

   * Significant performance improvements.

   * '-w+warning' and '-w-warning' can now be written as -Wwarning and
     -Wno-warning, respectively.  See *note Section 2.1.24::.

   * Add '-w+error' to treat warnings as errors.  See *note Section
     2.1.24::.

   * Add '-w+all' and '-w-all' to enable or disable all suppressible
     warnings.  See *note Section 2.1.24::.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2,  Next: Section C.2.1,  Prev: Section C.1.45,  Up: Appendix C

C.2. NASM 0.98 Series
=====================

The 0.98 series was the production versions of NASM from 1999 to 2007.

* Menu:

* Section C.2.1:: Version 0.98.39
* Section C.2.2:: Version 0.98.38
* Section C.2.3:: Version 0.98.37
* Section C.2.4:: Version 0.98.36
* Section C.2.5:: Version 0.98.35
* Section C.2.6:: Version 0.98.34
* Section C.2.7:: Version 0.98.33
* Section C.2.8:: Version 0.98.32
* Section C.2.9:: Version 0.98.31
* Section C.2.10:: Version 0.98.30
* Section C.2.11:: Version 0.98.28
* Section C.2.12:: Version 0.98.26
* Section C.2.13:: Version 0.98.25alt
* Section C.2.14:: Version 0.98.25
* Section C.2.15:: Version 0.98.24p1
* Section C.2.16:: Version 0.98.24
* Section C.2.17:: Version 0.98.23
* Section C.2.18:: Version 0.98.22
* Section C.2.19:: Version 0.98.21
* Section C.2.20:: Version 0.98.20
* Section C.2.21:: Version 0.98.19
* Section C.2.22:: Version 0.98.18
* Section C.2.23:: Version 0.98.17
* Section C.2.24:: Version 0.98.16
* Section C.2.25:: Version 0.98.15
* Section C.2.26:: Version 0.98.14
* Section C.2.27:: Version 0.98.13
* Section C.2.28:: Version 0.98.12
* Section C.2.29:: Version 0.98.11
* Section C.2.30:: Version 0.98.10
* Section C.2.31:: Version 0.98.09
* Section C.2.32:: Version 0.98.08
* Section C.2.33:: Version 0.98.09b with John Coffman patches released 28-Oct-2001
* Section C.2.34:: Version 0.98.07 released 01/28/01
* Section C.2.35:: Version 0.98.06f released 01/18/01
* Section C.2.36:: Version 0.98.06e released 01/09/01
* Section C.2.37:: Version 0.98p1
* Section C.2.38:: Version 0.98bf (bug-fixed)
* Section C.2.39:: Version 0.98.03 with John Coffman's changes released 27-Jul-2000
* Section C.2.40:: Version 0.98.03
* Section C.2.41:: Version 0.98
* Section C.2.42:: Version 0.98p9
* Section C.2.43:: Version 0.98p8
* Section C.2.44:: Version 0.98p7
* Section C.2.45:: Version 0.98p6
* Section C.2.46:: Version 0.98p3.7
* Section C.2.47:: Version 0.98p3.6
* Section C.2.48:: Version 0.98p3.5
* Section C.2.49:: Version 0.98p3.4
* Section C.2.50:: Version 0.98p3.3
* Section C.2.51:: Version 0.98p3.2
* Section C.2.52:: Version 0.98p3-hpa
* Section C.2.53:: Version 0.98 pre-release 3
* Section C.2.54:: Version 0.98 pre-release 2
* Section C.2.55:: Version 0.98 pre-release 1


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.1,  Next: Section C.2.2,  Prev: Section C.2,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.1. Version 0.98.39
----------------------

   * fix buffer overflow

   * fix outas86's '.bss' handling

   * "make spotless" no longer deletes config.h.in.

   * '%(el)if(n)idn' insensitivity to string quotes difference
     (#809300).

   * (nasm.c)'__OUTPUT_FORMAT__' changed to string value instead of
     symbol.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.2,  Next: Section C.2.3,  Prev: Section C.2.1,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.2. Version 0.98.38
----------------------

   * Add Makefile for 16-bit DOS binaries under OpenWatcom, and modify
     'mkdep.pl' to be able to generate completely pathless dependencies,
     as required by OpenWatcom wmake (it supports path searches, but not
     explicit paths.)

   * Fix the 'STR' instruction.

   * Fix the ELF output format, which was broken under certain
     circumstances due to the addition of stabs support.

   * Quick-fix Borland format debug-info for '-f obj'

   * Fix for '%rep' with no arguments (#560568)

   * Fix concatenation of preprocessor function call (#794686)

   * Fix long label causes coredump (#677841)

   * Use autoheader as well as autoconf to keep configure from
     generating ridiculously long command lines.

   * Make sure that all of the formats which support debugging output
     actually will suppress debugging output when '-g' not specified.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.3,  Next: Section C.2.4,  Prev: Section C.2.2,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.3. Version 0.98.37
----------------------

   * Paths given in '-I' switch searched for 'incbin'-ed as well as
     '%include'-ed files.

   * Added stabs debugging for the ELF output format, patch from Martin
     Wawro.

   * Fix 'output/outbin.c' to allow origin > 80000000h.

   * Make '-U' switch work.

   * Fix the use of relative offsets with explicit prefixes, e.g.  'a32
     loop foo'.

   * Remove 'backslash()'.

   * Fix the 'SMSW' and 'SLDT' instructions.

   * '-O2' and '-O3' are no longer aliases for '-O10' and '-O15'.  If
     you mean the latter, please say so!  :)


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.4,  Next: Section C.2.5,  Prev: Section C.2.3,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.4. Version 0.98.36
----------------------

   * Update rdoff - librarian/archiver - common rec - docs!

   * Fix signed/unsigned problems.

   * Fix 'JMP FAR label' and 'CALL FAR label'.

   * Add new multisection support - map files - fix align bug

   * Fix sysexit, movhps/movlps reg,reg bugs in insns.dat

   * 'Q' or 'O' suffixes indicate octal

   * Support Prescott new instructions (PNI).

   * Cyrix 'XSTORE' instruction.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.5,  Next: Section C.2.6,  Prev: Section C.2.4,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.5. Version 0.98.35
----------------------

   * Fix build failure on 16-bit DOS (Makefile.bc3 workaround for
     compiler bug.)

   * Fix dependencies and compiler warnings.

   * Add "const" in a number of places.

   * Add -X option to specify error reporting format (use -Xvc to
     integrate with Microsoft Visual Studio.)

   * Minor changes for code legibility.

   * Drop use of tmpnam() in rdoff (security fix.)


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.6,  Next: Section C.2.7,  Prev: Section C.2.5,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.6. Version 0.98.34
----------------------

   * Correct additional address-size vs.  operand-size confusions.

   * Generate dependencies for all Makefiles automatically.

   * Add support for unimplemented (but theoretically available)
     registers such as tr0 and cr5.  Segment registers 6 and 7 are
     called segr6 and segr7 for the operations which they can be
     represented.

   * Correct some disassembler bugs related to redundant address-size
     prefixes.  Some work still remains in this area.

   * Correctly generate an error for things like "SEG eax".

   * Add the JMPE instruction, enabled by "CPU IA64".

   * Correct compilation on newer gcc/glibc platforms.

   * Issue an error on things like "jmp far eax".


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.7,  Next: Section C.2.8,  Prev: Section C.2.6,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.7. Version 0.98.33
----------------------

   * New __NASM_PATCHLEVEL__ and __NASM_VERSION_ID__ standard macros to
     round out the version-query macros.  version.pl now understands
     X.YYplWW or X.YY.ZZplWW as a version number, equivalent to
     X.YY.ZZ.WW (or X.YY.0.WW, as appropriate).

   * New keyword "strict" to disable the optimization of specific
     operands.

   * Fix the handing of size overrides with JMP instructions
     (instructions such as "jmp dword foo".)

   * Fix the handling of "ABSOLUTE label", where "label" points into a
     relocatable segment.

   * Fix OBJ output format with lots of externs.

   * More documentation updates.

   * Add -Ov option to get verbose information about optimizations.

   * Undo a braindead change which broke '%elif' directives.

   * Makefile updates.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.8,  Next: Section C.2.9,  Prev: Section C.2.7,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.8. Version 0.98.32
----------------------

   * Fix NASM crashing when '%macro' directives were left unterminated.

   * Lots of documentation updates.

   * Complete rewrite of the PostScript/PDF documentation generator.

   * The MS Visual C++ Makefile was updated and corrected.

   * Recognize .rodata as a standard section name in ELF.

   * Fix some obsolete Perl4-isms in Perl scripts.

   * Fix configure.in to work with autoconf 2.5x.

   * Fix a couple of "make cleaner" misses.

   * Make the normal "./configure && make" work with Cygwin.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.9,  Next: Section C.2.10,  Prev: Section C.2.8,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.9. Version 0.98.31
----------------------

   * Correctly build in a separate object directory again.

   * Derive all references to the version number from the version file.

   * New standard macros __NASM_SUBMINOR__ and __NASM_VER__ macros.

   * Lots of Makefile updates and bug fixes.

   * New '%ifmacro' directive to test for multiline macros.

   * Documentation updates.

   * Fixes for 16-bit OBJ format output.

   * Changed the NASM environment variable to NASMENV.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.10,  Next: Section C.2.11,  Prev: Section C.2.9,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.10. Version 0.98.30
-----------------------

   * Changed doc files a lot: completely removed old READMExx and
     Wishlist files, incorporating all information in CHANGES and TODO.

   * I waited a long time to rename zoutieee.c to (original) outieee.c

   * moved all output modules to output/ subdirectory.

   * Added 'make strip' target to strip debug info from nasm & ndisasm.

   * Added INSTALL file with installation instructions.

   * Added -v option description to nasm man.

   * Added dist makefile target to produce source distributions.

   * 16-bit support for ELF output format (GNU extension, but useful.)


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.11,  Next: Section C.2.12,  Prev: Section C.2.10,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.11. Version 0.98.28
-----------------------

   * Fastcooked this for Debian's Woody release: Frank applied the
     INCBIN bug patch to 0.98.25alt and called it 0.98.28 to not confuse
     poor little apt- get.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.12,  Next: Section C.2.13,  Prev: Section C.2.11,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.12. Version 0.98.26
-----------------------

   * Reorganised files even better from 0.98.25alt


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.13,  Next: Section C.2.14,  Prev: Section C.2.12,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.13. Version 0.98.25alt
--------------------------

   * Prettified the source tree.  Moved files to more reasonable places.

   * Added findleak.pl script to misc/ directory.

   * Attempted to fix doc.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.14,  Next: Section C.2.15,  Prev: Section C.2.13,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.14. Version 0.98.25
-----------------------

   * Line continuation character '\'.

   * Docs inadvertantly reverted - "dos packaging".


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.15,  Next: Section C.2.16,  Prev: Section C.2.14,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.15. Version 0.98.24p1
-------------------------

   * FIXME: Someone, document this please.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.16,  Next: Section C.2.17,  Prev: Section C.2.15,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.16. Version 0.98.24
-----------------------

   * Documentation - Ndisasm doc added to Nasm.doc.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.17,  Next: Section C.2.18,  Prev: Section C.2.16,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.17. Version 0.98.23
-----------------------

   * Attempted to remove rdoff version1

   * Lino Mastrodomenico's patches to preproc.c (%$$ bug?).


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.18,  Next: Section C.2.19,  Prev: Section C.2.17,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.18. Version 0.98.22
-----------------------

   * Update rdoff2 - attempt to remove v1.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.19,  Next: Section C.2.20,  Prev: Section C.2.18,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.19. Version 0.98.21
-----------------------

   * Optimization fixes.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.20,  Next: Section C.2.21,  Prev: Section C.2.19,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.20. Version 0.98.20
-----------------------

   * Optimization fixes.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.21,  Next: Section C.2.22,  Prev: Section C.2.20,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.21. Version 0.98.19
-----------------------

   * H. J. Lu's patch back out.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.22,  Next: Section C.2.23,  Prev: Section C.2.21,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.22. Version 0.98.18
-----------------------

   * Added ".rdata" to "-f win32".


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.23,  Next: Section C.2.24,  Prev: Section C.2.22,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.23. Version 0.98.17
-----------------------

   * H. J. Lu's "bogus elf" patch.  (Red Hat problem?)


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.24,  Next: Section C.2.25,  Prev: Section C.2.23,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.24. Version 0.98.16
-----------------------

   * Fix whitespace before "[section ..."  bug.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.25,  Next: Section C.2.26,  Prev: Section C.2.24,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.25. Version 0.98.15
-----------------------

   * Rdoff changes (?).

   * Fix fixes to memory leaks.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.26,  Next: Section C.2.27,  Prev: Section C.2.25,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.26. Version 0.98.14
-----------------------

   * Fix memory leaks.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.27,  Next: Section C.2.28,  Prev: Section C.2.26,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.27. Version 0.98.13
-----------------------

   * There was no 0.98.13


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.28,  Next: Section C.2.29,  Prev: Section C.2.27,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.28. Version 0.98.12
-----------------------

   * Update optimization (new function of "-O1")

   * Changes to test/bintest.asm (?).


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.29,  Next: Section C.2.30,  Prev: Section C.2.28,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.29. Version 0.98.11
-----------------------

   * Optimization changes.

   * Ndisasm fixed.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.30,  Next: Section C.2.31,  Prev: Section C.2.29,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.30. Version 0.98.10
-----------------------

   * There was no 0.98.10


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.31,  Next: Section C.2.32,  Prev: Section C.2.30,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.31. Version 0.98.09
-----------------------

   * Add multiple sections support to "-f bin".

   * Changed GLOBAL_TEMP_BASE in outelf.c from 6 to 15.

   * Add "-v" as an alias to the "-r" switch.

   * Remove "#ifdef" from Tasm compatibility options.

   * Remove redundant size-overrides on "mov ds, ex", etc.

   * Fixes to SSE2, other insns.dat (?).

   * Enable uppercase "I" and "P" switches.

   * Case insinsitive "seg" and "wrt".

   * Update install.sh (?).

   * Allocate tokens in blocks.

   * Improve "invalid effective address" messages.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.32,  Next: Section C.2.33,  Prev: Section C.2.31,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.32. Version 0.98.08
-----------------------

   * Add "'%strlen'" and "'%substr'" macro operators

   * Fixed broken c16.mac.

   * Unterminated string error reported.

   * Fixed bugs as per 0.98bf


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.33,  Next: Section C.2.34,  Prev: Section C.2.32,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.33. Version 0.98.09b with John Coffman patches released 28-Oct-2001
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Changes from 0.98.07 release to 98.09b as of 28-Oct-2001

   * More closely compatible with 0.98 when -O0 is implied or specified.
     Not strictly identical, since backward branches in range of short
     offsets are recognized, and signed byte values with no explicit
     size specification will be assembled as a single byte.

   * More forgiving with the PUSH instruction.  0.98 requires a size to
     be specified always.  0.98.09b will imply the size from the current
     BITS setting (16 or 32).

   * Changed definition of the optimization flag:

   -O0 strict two-pass assembly, JMP and Jcc are handled more like 0.98,
except that back- ward JMPs are short, if possible.

   -O1 strict two-pass assembly, but forward branches are assembled with
code guaranteed to reach; may produce larger code than -O0, but will
produce successful assembly more often if branch offset sizes are not
specified.

   -O2 multi-pass optimization, minimize branch offsets; also will
minimize signed immed- iate bytes, overriding size specification.

   -O3 like -O2, but more passes taken, if needed


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.34,  Next: Section C.2.35,  Prev: Section C.2.33,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.34. Version 0.98.07 released 01/28/01
-----------------------------------------

   * Added Stepane Denis' SSE2 instructions to a *working* version of
     the code - some earlier versions were based on broken code - sorry
     'bout that.  version "0.98.07"

   01/28/01

   * Cosmetic modifications to nasm.c, nasm.h, AUTHORS, MODIFIED


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.35,  Next: Section C.2.36,  Prev: Section C.2.34,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.35. Version 0.98.06f released 01/18/01
------------------------------------------

   * - Add "metalbrain"s jecxz bug fix in insns.dat - alter nasmdoc.src
     to match - version "0.98.06f"


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.36,  Next: Section C.2.37,  Prev: Section C.2.35,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.36. Version 0.98.06e released 01/09/01
------------------------------------------

   * Removed the "outforms.h" file - it appears to be someone's old
     backup of "outform.h".  version "0.98.06e"

   01/09/01

   * fbk - finally added the fix for the "multiple %includes bug", known
     since 7/27/99 - reported originally (?)  and sent to us by Austin
     Lunnen - he reports that John Fine had a fix within the day.  Here
     it is...

   * Nelson Rush resigns from the group.  Big thanks to Nelson for his
     leadership and enthusiasm in getting these changes incorporated
     into Nasm!

   * fbk - [list +], [list -] directives - ineptly implemented, should
     be re- written or removed, perhaps.

   * Brian Raiter / fbk - "elfso bug" fix - applied to aoutb format as
     well - testing might be desirable...

   08/07/00

   * James Seter - -postfix, -prefix command line switches.

   * Yuri Zaporozhets - rdoff utility changes.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.37,  Next: Section C.2.38,  Prev: Section C.2.36,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.37. Version 0.98p1
----------------------

   * GAS-like palign (Panos Minos)

   * FIXME: Someone, fill this in with details


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.38,  Next: Section C.2.39,  Prev: Section C.2.37,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.38. Version 0.98bf (bug-fixed)
----------------------------------

   * Fixed - elf and aoutb bug - shared libraries - multiple "%include"
     bug in "-f obj" - jcxz, jecxz bug - unrecognized option bug in
     ndisasm


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.39,  Next: Section C.2.40,  Prev: Section C.2.38,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.39. Version 0.98.03 with John Coffman's changes released 27-Jul-2000
------------------------------------------------------------------------

   * Added signed byte optimizations for the 0x81/0x83 class of
     instructions: ADC, ADD, AND, CMP, OR, SBB, SUB, XOR: when used as
     'ADD reg16,imm' or 'ADD reg32,imm.'  Also optimization of signed
     byte form of 'PUSH imm' and 'IMUL reg,imm'/'IMUL reg,reg,imm.'  No
     size specification is needed.

   * Added multi-pass JMP and Jcc offset optimization.  Offsets on
     forward references will preferentially use the short form, without
     the need to code a specific size (short or near) for the branch.
     Added instructions for 'Jcc label' to use the form 'Jnotcc $+3/JMP
     label', in cases where a short offset is out of bounds.  If
     compiling for a 386 or higher CPU, then the 386 form of Jcc will be
     used instead.

   This feature is controlled by a new command-line switch: "O", (upper
case letter O). "-O0" reverts the assembler to no extra optimization
passes, "- O1" allows up to 5 extra passes, and "-O2"(default), allows
up to 10 extra optimization passes.

   * Added a new directive: 'cpu XXX', where XXX is any of: 8086, 186,
     286, 386, 486, 586, pentium, 686, PPro, P2, P3 or Katmai.  All are
     case insensitive.  All instructions will be selected only if they
     apply to the selected cpu or lower.  Corrected a couple of bugs in
     cpu-dependence in 'insns.dat'.

   * Added to 'standard.mac', the "use16" and "use32" forms of the "bits
     16/32" directive.  This is nothing new, just conforms to a lot of
     other assemblers.  (minor)

   * Changed label allocation from 320/32 (10000 labels @ 200K+) to
     32/37 (1000 labels); makes running under DOS much easier.  Since
     additional label space is allocated dynamically, this should have
     no effect on large programs with lots of labels.  The 37 is a
     prime, believed to be better for hashing.  (minor)


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.40,  Next: Section C.2.41,  Prev: Section C.2.39,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.40. Version 0.98.03
-----------------------

"Integrated patchfile 0.98-0.98.01.  I call this version 0.98.03 for
historical reasons: 0.98.02 was trashed."  ---John Coffman
<johninsd@san.rr.com>, 27-Jul-2000

   * Kendall Bennett's SciTech MGL changes

   * Note that you must define "TASM_COMPAT" at compile-time to get the
     Tasm Ideal Mode compatibility.

   * All changes can be compiled in and out using the TASM_COMPAT
     macros, and when compiled without TASM_COMPAT defined we get the
     exact same binary as the unmodified 0.98 sources.

   * standard.mac, macros.c: Added macros to ignore TASM directives
     before first include

   * nasm.h: Added extern declaration for tasm_compatible_mode

   * nasm.c: Added global variable tasm_compatible_mode

   * Added command line switch for TASM compatible mode (-t)

   * Changed version command line to reflect when compiled with TASM
     additions

   * Added response file processing to allow all arguments on a single
     line (response file is @resp rather than -@resp for NASM format).

   * labels.c: Changes islocal() macro to support TASM style @@local
     labels.

   * Added islocalchar() macro to support TASM style @@local labels.

   * parser.c: Added support for TASM style memory references (ie: mov
     [DWORD eax],10 rather than the NASM style mov DWORD [eax],10).

   * preproc.c: Added new directives, '%arg', '%local', '%stacksize' to
     directives table

   * Added support for TASM style directives without a leading % symbol.

   * Integrated a block of changes from Andrew Zabolotny
     <bit@eltech.ru>:

   * A new keyword '%xdefine' and its case-insensitive counterpart
     '%ixdefine'.  They work almost the same way as '%define' and
     '%idefine' but expand the definition immediately, not on the
     invocation.  Something like a cross between '%define' and
     '%assign'.  The "x" suffix stands for "eXpand", so "xdefine" can be
     deciphered as "expand-and-define".  Thus you can do things like
     this:

          %assign ofs     0

          %macro  arg     1
                  %xdefine %1 dword [esp+ofs]
                  %assign ofs ofs+4
          %endmacro

   * Changed the place where the expansion of %$name macros are
     expanded.  Now they are converted into ..@ctxnum.name form when
     detokenizing, so there are no quirks as before when using %$name
     arguments to macros, in macros etc.  For example:

          %macro  abc     1
                  %define %1 hello
          %endm

          abc     %$here
          %$here

   Now last line will be expanded into "hello" as expected.  This also
allows for lots of goodies, a good example are extended "proc" macros
included in this archive.

   * Added a check for "cstk" in smacro_defined() before calling
     get_ctx() - this allows for things like:

          %ifdef %$abc
          %endif

   to work without warnings even in no context.

   * Added a check for "cstk" in %if*ctx and %elif*ctx directives - this
     allows to use '%ifctx' without excessive warnings.  If there is no
     active context, '%ifctx' goes through "false" branch.

   * Removed "user error: " prefix with '%error' directive: it just
     clobbers the output and has absolutely no functionality.  Besides,
     this allows to write macros that does not differ from built-in
     functions in any way.

   * Added expansion of string that is output by '%error' directive.
     Now you can do things like:

          %define hello(x) Hello, x!

          %define %$name andy
          %error "hello(%$name)"

   Same happened with '%include' directive.

   * Now all directives that expect an identifier will try to expand and
     concatenate everything without whitespaces in between before usage.
     For example, with "unfixed" nasm the commands

          %define %$abc hello
          %define __%$abc goodbye
          __%$abc

   would produce "incorrect" output: last line will expand to

          hello goodbyehello

   Not quite what you expected, eh?  :-) The answer is that preprocessor
treats the '%define' construct as if it would be

          %define __ %$abc goodbye

   (note the white space between __ and %$abc).  After my "fix" it will
"correctly" expand into

          goodbye

   as expected.  Note that I use quotes around words "correct",
"incorrect" etc because this is rather a feature not a bug; however
current behaviour is more logical (and allows more advanced macro usage
:-).

   Same change was applied to:
'%push','%macro','%imacro','%define','%idefine','%xdefine','%ixdefine',
'%assign','%iassign','%undef'

   * A new directive [WARNING {+|-}warning-id] have been added.  It
     works only if the assembly phase is enabled (i.e.  it doesn't work
     with nasm -e).

   * A new warning type: macro-selfref.  By default this warning is
     disabled; when enabled NASM warns when a macro self-references
     itself; for example the following source:

            [WARNING macro-selfref]

            %macro          push    1-*
                    %rep    %0
                            push    %1
                            %rotate 1
                    %endrep
            %endmacro

                            push    eax,ebx,ecx

   will produce a warning, but if we remove the first line we won't see
it anymore (which is The Right Thing To Do {tm} IMHO since C
preprocessor eats such constructs without warnings at all).

   * Added a "error" routine to preprocessor which always will set
     ERR_PASS1 bit in severity_code.  This removes annoying repeated
     errors on first and second passes from preprocessor.

   * Added the %+ operator in single-line macros for concatenating two
     identifiers.  Usage example:

            %define _myfunc _otherfunc
            %define cextern(x) _ %+ x
            cextern (myfunc)

   After first expansion, third line will become "_myfunc".  After this
expansion is performed again so it becomes "_otherunc".

   * Now if preprocessor is in a non-emitting state, no warning or error
     will be emitted.  Example:

            %if 1
                    mov     eax,ebx
            %else
                    put anything you want between these two brackets,
                    even macro-parameter references %1 or local
                    labels %$zz or macro-local labels %%zz - no
                    warning will be emitted.
            %endif

   * Context-local variables on expansion as a last resort are looked up
     in outer contexts.  For example, the following piece:

            %push   outer
            %define %$a [esp]

                    %push   inner
                    %$a
                    %pop
            %pop

   will expand correctly the fourth line to [esp]; if we'll define
another %$a inside the "inner" context, it will take precedence over
outer definition.  However, this modification has been applied only to
expand_smacro and not to smacro_define: as a consequence expansion looks
in outer contexts, but '%ifdef' won't look in outer contexts.

   This behaviour is needed because we don't want nested contexts to act
on already defined local macros.  Example:

            %define %$arg1  [esp+4]
            test    eax,eax
            if      nz
                    mov     eax,%$arg1
            endif

   In this example the "if" mmacro enters into the "if" context, so
%$arg1 is not valid anymore inside "if".  Of course it could be worked
around by using explicitely %$$arg1 but this is ugly IMHO.

   * Fixed memory leak in '%undef'.  The origline wasn't freed before
     exiting on success.

   * Fixed trap in preprocessor when line expanded to empty set of
     tokens.  This happens, for example, in the following case:

            #define SOMETHING
            SOMETHING


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.41,  Next: Section C.2.42,  Prev: Section C.2.40,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.41. Version 0.98
--------------------

All changes since NASM 0.98p3 have been produced by H. Peter Anvin
<hpa@zytor.com>.

   * The documentation comment delimiter is

   * Allow EQU definitions to refer to external labels; reported by
     Pedro Gimeno.

   * Re-enable support for RDOFF v1; reported by Pedro Gimeno.

   * Updated License file per OK from Simon and Julian.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.42,  Next: Section C.2.43,  Prev: Section C.2.41,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.42. Version 0.98p9
----------------------

   * Update documentation (although the instruction set reference will
     have to wait; I don't want to hold up the 0.98 release for it.)

   * Verified that the NASM implementation of the PEXTRW and PMOVMSKB
     instructions is correct.  The encoding differs from what the Intel
     manuals document, but the Pentium III behaviour matches NASM, not
     the Intel manuals.

   * Fix handling of implicit sizes in PSHUFW and PINSRW, reported by
     Stefan Hoffmeister.

   * Resurrect the -s option, which was removed when changing the
     diagnostic output to stdout.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.43,  Next: Section C.2.44,  Prev: Section C.2.42,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.43. Version 0.98p8
----------------------

   * Fix for "DB" when NASM is running on a bigendian machine.

   * Invoke insns.pl once for each output script, making Makefile.in
     legal for "make -j".

   * Improve the Unix configure-based makefiles to make package creation
     easier.

   * Included an RPM .spec file for building RPM (RedHat Package
     Manager) packages on Linux or Unix systems.

   * Fix Makefile dependency problems.

   * Change src/rdsrc.pl to include sectioning information in info
     output; required for install-info to work.

   * Updated the RDOFF distribution to version 2 from Jules; minor
     massaging to make it compile in my environment.

   * Split doc files that can be built by anyone with a Perl interpreter
     off into a separate archive.

   * "Dress rehearsal" release!


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.44,  Next: Section C.2.45,  Prev: Section C.2.43,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.44. Version 0.98p7
----------------------

   * Fixed opcodes with a third byte-sized immediate argument to not
     complain if given "byte" on the immediate.

   * Allow '%undef' to remove single-line macros with arguments.  This
     matches the behaviour of #undef in the C preprocessor.

   * Allow -d, -u, -i and -p to be specified as -D, -U, -I and -P for
     compatibility with most C compilers and preprocessors.  This allows
     Makefile options to be shared between cc and nasm, for example.

   * Minor cleanups.

   * Went through the list of Katmai instructions and hopefully fixed
     the (rather few) mistakes in it.

   * (Hopefully) fixed a number of disassembler bugs related to
     ambiguous instructions (disambiguated by -p) and SSE instructions
     with REP.

   * Fix for bug reported by Mark Junger: "call dword 0x12345678" should
     work and may add an OSP (affected CALL, JMP, Jcc).

   * Fix for environments when "stderr" isn't a compile-time constant.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.45,  Next: Section C.2.46,  Prev: Section C.2.44,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.45. Version 0.98p6
----------------------

   * Took officially over coordination of the 0.98 release; so drop the
     p3.x notation.  Skipped p4 and p5 to avoid confusion with John
     Fine's J4 and J5 releases.

   * Update the documentation; however, it still doesn't include
     documentation for the various new instructions.  I somehow wonder
     if it makes sense to have an instruction set reference in the
     assembler manual when Intel et al have PDF versions of their
     manuals online.

   * Recognize "idt" or "centaur" for the -p option to ndisasm.

   * Changed error messages back to stderr where they belong, but add an
     -E option to redirect them elsewhere (the DOS shell cannot redirect
     stderr.)

   * -M option to generate Makefile dependencies (based on code from
     Alex Verstak.)

   * '%undef' preprocessor directive, and -u option, that undefines a
     single-line macro.

   * OS/2 Makefile (Mkfiles/Makefile.os2) for Borland under OS/2; from
     Chuck Crayne.

   * Various minor bugfixes (reported by): - Dangling '%s' in preproc.c
     (Martin Junker)

   * THERE ARE KNOWN BUGS IN SSE AND THE OTHER KATMAI INSTRUCTIONS. I am
     on a trip and didn't bring the Katmai instruction reference, so I
     can't work on them right now.

   * Updated the License file per agreement with Simon and Jules to
     include a GPL distribution clause.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.46,  Next: Section C.2.47,  Prev: Section C.2.45,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.46. Version 0.98p3.7
------------------------

   * (Hopefully) fixed the canned Makefiles to include the outrdf2 and
     zoutieee modules.

   * Renamed changes.asm to changed.asm.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.47,  Next: Section C.2.48,  Prev: Section C.2.46,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.47. Version 0.98p3.6
------------------------

   * Fixed a bunch of instructions that were added in 0.98p3.5 which had
     memory operands, and the address-size prefix was missing from the
     instruction pattern.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.48,  Next: Section C.2.49,  Prev: Section C.2.47,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.48. Version 0.98p3.5
------------------------

   * Merged in changes from John S. Fine's 0.98-J5 release.  John's
     based 0.98-J5 on my 0.98p3.3 release; this merges the changes.

   * Expanded the instructions flag field to a long so we can fit more
     flags; mark SSE (KNI) and AMD or Katmai-specific instructions as
     such.

   * Fix the "PRIV" flag on a bunch of instructions, and create new
     "PROT" flag for protected-mode-only instructions (orthogonal to if
     the instruction is privileged!)  and new "SMM" flag for SMM-only
     instructions.

   * Added AMD-only SYSCALL and SYSRET instructions.

   * Make SSE actually work, and add new Katmai MMX instructions.

   * Added a -p (preferred vendor) option to ndisasm so that it can
     distinguish e.g.  Cyrix opcodes also used in SSE. For example:

          ndisasm -p cyrix aliased.bin
          00000000  670F514310        paddsiw mm0,[ebx+0x10]
          00000005  670F514320        paddsiw mm0,[ebx+0x20]
          ndisasm -p intel aliased.bin
          00000000  670F514310        sqrtps xmm0,[ebx+0x10]
          00000005  670F514320        sqrtps xmm0,[ebx+0x20]

   * Added a bunch of Cyrix-specific instructions.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.49,  Next: Section C.2.50,  Prev: Section C.2.48,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.49. Version 0.98p3.4
------------------------

   * Made at least an attempt to modify all the additional Makefiles (in
     the Mkfiles directory).  I can't test it, but this was the best I
     could do.

   * DOS DJGPP+"Opus Make" Makefile from John S. Fine.

   * changes.asm changes from John S. Fine.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.50,  Next: Section C.2.51,  Prev: Section C.2.49,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.50. Version 0.98p3.3
------------------------

   * Patch from Conan Brink to allow nesting of '%rep' directives.

   * If we're going to allow INT01 as an alias for INT1/ICEBP (one of
     Jules 0.98p3 changes), then we should allow INT03 as an alias for
     INT3 as well.

   * Updated changes.asm to include the latest changes.

   * Tried to clean up the <CR>s that had snuck in from a DOS/Windows
     environment into my Unix environment, and try to make sure than
     DOS/Windows users get them back.

   * We would silently generate broken tools if insns.dat wasn't sorted
     properly.  Change insns.pl so that the order doesn't matter.

   * Fix bug in insns.pl (introduced by me) which would cause
     conditional instructions to have an extra "cc" in disassembly, e.g.
     "jnz" disassembled as "jccnz".


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.51,  Next: Section C.2.52,  Prev: Section C.2.50,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.51. Version 0.98p3.2
------------------------

   * Merged in John S. Fine's changes from his 0.98-J4 prerelease; see
     http://www.csoft.net/cz/johnfine/

   * Changed previous "spotless" Makefile target (appropriate for
     distribution) to "distclean", and added "cleaner" target which is
     same as "clean" except deletes files generated by Perl scripts;
     "spotless" is union.

   * Removed BASIC programs from distribution.  Get a Perl interpreter
     instead (see below.)

   * Calling this "pre-release 3.2" rather than "p3-hpa2" because of
     John's contributions.

   * Actually link in the IEEE output format (zoutieee.c); fix a bunch
     of compiler warnings in that file.  Note I don't know what IEEE
     output is supposed to look like, so these changes were made
     "blind".


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.52,  Next: Section C.2.53,  Prev: Section C.2.51,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.52. Version 0.98p3-hpa
--------------------------

   * Merged nasm098p3.zip with nasm-0.97.tar.gz to create a fully
     buildable version for Unix systems (Makefile.in updates, etc.)

   * Changed insns.pl to create the instruction tables in nasm.h and
     names.c, so that a new instruction can be added by adding it *only*
     to insns.dat.

   * Added the following new instructions: SYSENTER, SYSEXIT, FXSAVE,
     FXRSTOR, UD1, UD2 (the latter two are two opcodes that Intel
     guarantee will never be used; one of them is documented as UD2 in
     Intel documentation, the other one just as "Undefined Opcode" ---
     calling it UD1 seemed to make sense.)

   * MAX_SYMBOL was defined to be 9, but LOADALL286 and LOADALL386 are
     10 characters long.  Now MAX_SYMBOL is derived from insns.dat.

   * A note on the BASIC programs included: forget them.  insns.bas is
     already out of date.  Get yourself a Perl interpreter for your
     platform of choice at http://www.cpan.org/ports/index.html.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.53,  Next: Section C.2.54,  Prev: Section C.2.52,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.53. Version 0.98 pre-release 3
----------------------------------

   * added response file support, improved command line handling, new
     layout help screen

   * fixed limit checking bug, 'OUT byte nn, reg' bug, and a couple of
     rdoff related bugs, updated Wishlist; 0.98 Prerelease 3.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.54,  Next: Section C.2.55,  Prev: Section C.2.53,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.54. Version 0.98 pre-release 2
----------------------------------

   * fixed bug in outcoff.c to do with truncating section names longer
     than 8 characters, referencing beyond end of string; 0.98
     pre-release 2


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.2.55,  Next: Section C.3,  Prev: Section C.2.54,  Up: Section C.2

C.2.55. Version 0.98 pre-release 1
----------------------------------

   * Fixed a bug whereby STRUC didn't work at all in RDF.

   * Fixed a problem with group specification in PUBDEFs in OBJ.

   * Improved ease of adding new output formats.  Contribution due to
     Fox Cutter.

   * Fixed a bug in relocations in the 'bin' format: was showing up when
     a relocatable reference crossed an 8192-byte boundary in any output
     section.

   * Fixed a bug in local labels: local-label lookups were inconsistent
     between passes one and two if an EQU occurred between the
     definition of a global label and the subsequent use of a local
     label local to that global.

   * Fixed a seg-fault in the preprocessor (again) which happened when
     you use a blank line as the first line of a multi-line macro
     definition and then defined a label on the same line as a call to
     that macro.

   * Fixed a stale-pointer bug in the handling of the NASM environment
     variable.  Thanks to Thomas McWilliams.

   * ELF had a hard limit on the number of sections which caused
     segfaults when transgressed.  Fixed.

   * Added ability for ndisasm to read from stdin by using '-' as the
     filename.

   * ndisasm wasn't outputting the TO keyword.  Fixed.

   * Fixed error cascade on bogus expression in '%if' - an error in
     evaluation was causing the entire '%if' to be discarded, thus
     creating trouble later when the '%else' or '%endif' was
     encountered.

   * Forward reference tracking was instruction-granular not operand-
     granular, which was causing 286-specific code to be generated
     needlessly on code of the form 'shr word [forwardref],1'.  Thanks
     to Jim Hague for sending a patch.

   * All messages now appear on stdout, as sending them to stderr serves
     no useful purpose other than to make redirection difficult.

   * Fixed the problem with EQUs pointing to an external symbol - this
     now generates an error message.

   * Allowed multiple size prefixes to an operand, of which only the
     first is taken into account.

   * Incorporated John Fine's changes, including fixes of a large number
     of preprocessor bugs, some small problems in OBJ, and a reworking
     of label handling to define labels before their line is assembled,
     rather than after.

   * Reformatted a lot of the source code to be more readable.  Included
     'coding.txt' as a guideline for how to format code for
     contributors.

   * Stopped nested '%reps' causing a panic - they now cause a slightly
     more friendly error message instead.

   * Fixed floating point constant problems (patch by Pedro Gimeno)

   * Fixed the return value of insn_size() not being checked for -1,
     indicating an error.

   * Incorporated 3Dnow!  instructions.

   * Fixed the 'mov eax, eax + ebx' bug.

   * Fixed the GLOBAL EQU bug in ELF. Released developers release 3.

   * Incorporated John Fine's command line parsing changes

   * Incorporated David Lindauer's OMF debug support

   * Made changes for LCC 4.0 support ('__NASM_CDecl__', removed
     register size specification warning when sizes agree).


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3,  Next: Section C.3.1,  Prev: Section C.2.55,  Up: Appendix C

C.3. NASM 0.9 Series
====================

Revisions before 0.98.

* Menu:

* Section C.3.1:: Version 0.97 released December 1997
* Section C.3.2:: Version 0.96 released November 1997
* Section C.3.3:: Version 0.95 released July 1997
* Section C.3.4:: Version 0.94 released April 1997
* Section C.3.5:: Version 0.93 released January 1997
* Section C.3.6:: Version 0.92 released January 1997
* Section C.3.7:: Version 0.91 released November 1996
* Section C.3.8:: Version 0.90 released October 1996


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3.1,  Next: Section C.3.2,  Prev: Section C.3,  Up: Section C.3

C.3.1. Version 0.97 released December 1997
------------------------------------------

   * This was entirely a bug-fix release to 0.96, which seems to have
     got cursed.  Silly me.

   * Fixed stupid mistake in OBJ which caused 'MOV EAX,<constant>' to
     fail.  Caused by an error in the 'MOV EAX,<segment>' support.

   * ndisasm hung at EOF when compiled with lcc on Linux because lcc on
     Linux somehow breaks feof().  ndisasm now does not rely on feof().

   * A heading in the documentation was missing due to a markup error in
     the indexing.  Fixed.

   * Fixed failure to update all pointers on realloc() within extended-
     operand code in parser.c.  Was causing wrong behaviour and seg
     faults on lines such as 'dd 0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,...'

   * Fixed a subtle preprocessor bug whereby invoking one multi-line
     macro on the first line of the expansion of another, when the
     second had been invoked with a label defined before it, didn't
     expand the inner macro.

   * Added internal.doc back in to the distribution archives - it was
     missing in 0.96 *blush*

   * Fixed bug causing 0.96 to be unable to assemble its own test files,
     specifically objtest.asm.  *blush again*

   * Fixed seg-faults and bogus error messages caused by mismatching
     '%rep' and '%endrep' within multi-line macro definitions.

   * Fixed a problem with buffer overrun in OBJ, which was causing
     corruption at ends of long PUBDEF records.

   * Separated DOS archives into main-program and documentation to
     reduce download size.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3.2,  Next: Section C.3.3,  Prev: Section C.3.1,  Up: Section C.3

C.3.2. Version 0.96 released November 1997
------------------------------------------

   * Fixed a bug whereby, if 'nasm sourcefile' would cause a filename
     collision warning and put output into 'nasm.out', then 'nasm
     sourcefile -o outputfile' still gave the warning even though the
     '-o' was honoured.  Fixed name pollution under Digital UNIX: one of
     its header files defined R_SP, which broke the enum in nasm.h.

   * Fixed minor instruction table problems: FUCOM and FUCOMP didn't
     have two- operand forms; NDISASM didn't recognise the longer
     register forms of PUSH and POP (eg FF F3 for PUSH BX); TEST
     mem,imm32 was flagged as undocumented; the 32-bit forms of CMOV had
     16-bit operand size prefixes; 'AAD imm' and 'AAM imm' are no longer
     flagged as undocumented because the Intel Architecture reference
     documents them.

   * Fixed a problem with the local-label mechanism, whereby strange
     types of symbol (EQUs, auto-defined OBJ segment base symbols)
     interfered with the 'previous global label' value and screwed up
     local labels.

   * Fixed a bug whereby the stub preprocessor didn't communicate with
     the listing file generator, so that the -a and -l options in
     conjunction would produce a useless listing file.

   * Merged 'os2' object file format back into 'obj', after discovering
     that 'obj' _also_ shouldn't have a link pass separator in a module
     containing a non-trivial MODEND. Flat segments are now declared
     using the FLAT attribute.  'os2' is no longer a valid object format
     name: use 'obj'.

   * Removed the fixed-size temporary storage in the evaluator.  Very
     very long expressions (like 'mov ax,1+1+1+1+...'  for two hundred
     1s or so) should now no longer crash NASM.

   * Fixed a bug involving segfaults on disassembly of MMX instructions,
     by changing the meaning of one of the operand-type flags in nasm.h.
     This may cause other apparently unrelated MMX problems; it needs to
     be tested thoroughly.

   * Fixed some buffer overrun problems with large OBJ output files.
     Thanks to DJ Delorie for the bug report and fix.

   * Made preprocess-only mode actually listen to the '%line' markers as
     it prints them, so that it can report errors more sanely.

   * Re-designed the evaluator to keep more sensible track of
     expressions involving forward references: can now cope with
     previously-nightmare situations such as:

       mov ax,foo | bar
       foo equ 1
       bar equ 2

   * Added the ALIGN and ALIGNB standard macros.

   * Added PIC support in ELF: use of WRT to obtain the four extra
     relocation types needed.

   * Added the ability for output file formats to define their own
     extensions to the GLOBAL, COMMON and EXTERN directives.

   * Implemented common-variable alignment, and global-symbol type and
     size declarations, in ELF.

   * Implemented NEAR and FAR keywords for common variables, plus
     far-common element size specification, in OBJ.

   * Added a feature whereby EXTERNs and COMMONs in OBJ can be given a
     default WRT specification (either a segment or a group).

   * Transformed the Unix NASM archive into an auto-configuring package.

   * Added a sanity-check for people applying SEG to things which are
     already segment bases: this previously went unnoticed by the SEG
     processing and caused OBJ-driver panics later.

   * Added the ability, in OBJ format, to deal with 'MOV EAX,<segment>'
     type references: OBJ doesn't directly support dword-size segment
     base fixups, but as long as the low two bytes of the constant term
     are zero, a word-size fixup can be generated instead and it will
     work.

   * Added the ability to specify sections' alignment requirements in
     Win32 object files and pure binary files.

   * Added preprocess-time expression evaluation: the '%assign' (and
     '%iassign') directive and the bare '%if' (and '%elif') conditional.
     Added relational operators to the evaluator, for use only in '%if'
     constructs: the standard relationals = < > <= >= <> (and C-like
     synonyms == and !=) plus low-precedence logical operators &&, ^^
     and ||.

   * Added a preprocessor repeat construct: '%rep' / '%exitrep' /
     '%endrep'.

   * Added the __FILE__ and __LINE__ standard macros.

   * Added a sanity check for number constants being greater than
     0xFFFFFFFF. The warning can be disabled.

   * Added the %0 token whereby a variadic multi-line macro can tell how
     many parameters it's been given in a specific invocation.

   * Added '%rotate', allowing multi-line macro parameters to be cycled.

   * Added the '*' option for the maximum parameter count on multi-line
     macros, allowing them to take arbitrarily many parameters.

   * Added the ability for the user-level forms of EXTERN, GLOBAL and
     COMMON to take more than one argument.

   * Added the IMPORT and EXPORT directives in OBJ format, to deal with
     Windows DLLs.

   * Added some more preprocessor '%if' constructs: '%ifidn' / '%ifidni'
     (exact textual identity), and '%ifid' / '%ifnum' / '%ifstr' (token
     type testing).

   * Added the ability to distinguish SHL AX,1 (the 8086 version) from
     SHL AX,BYTE 1 (the 286-and-upwards version whose constant happens
     to be 1).

   * Added NetBSD/FreeBSD/OpenBSD's variant of a.out format, complete
     with PIC shared library features.

   * Changed NASM's idiosyncratic handling of FCLEX, FDISI, FENI, FINIT,
     FSAVE, FSTCW, FSTENV, and FSTSW to bring it into line with the
     otherwise accepted standard.  The previous behaviour, though it was
     a deliberate feature, was a deliberate feature based on a
     misunderstanding.  Apologies for the inconvenience.

   * Improved the flexibility of ABSOLUTE: you can now give it an
     expression rather than being restricted to a constant, and it can
     take relocatable arguments as well.

   * Added the ability for a variable to be declared as EXTERN multiple
     times, and the subsequent definitions are just ignored.

   * We now allow instruction prefixes (CS, DS, LOCK, REPZ etc) to be
     alone on a line (without a following instruction).

   * Improved sanity checks on whether the arguments to EXTERN, GLOBAL
     and COMMON are valid identifiers.

   * Added misc/exebin.mac to allow direct generation of .EXE files by
     hacking up an EXE header using DB and DW; also added
     test/binexe.asm to demonstrate the use of this.  Thanks to Yann
     Guidon for contributing the EXE header code.

   * ndisasm forgot to check whether the input file had been
     successfully opened.  Now it does.  Doh!

   * Added the Cyrix extensions to the MMX instruction set.

   * Added a hinting mechanism to allow [EAX+EBX] and [EBX+EAX] to be
     assembled differently.  This is important since [ESI+EBP] and
     [EBP+ESI] have different default base segment registers.

   * Added support for the PharLap OMF extension for 4096-byte segment
     alignment.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3.3,  Next: Section C.3.4,  Prev: Section C.3.2,  Up: Section C.3

C.3.3. Version 0.95 released July 1997
--------------------------------------

   * Fixed yet another ELF bug.  This one manifested if the user relied
     on the default segment, and attempted to define global symbols
     without first explicitly declaring the target segment.

   * Added makefiles (for NASM and the RDF tools) to build Win32 console
     apps under Symantec C++.  Donated by Mark Junker.

   * Added 'macros.bas' and 'insns.bas', QBasic versions of the Perl
     scripts that convert 'standard.mac' to 'macros.c' and convert
     'insns.dat' to 'insnsa.c' and 'insnsd.c'.  Also thanks to Mark
     Junker.

   * Changed the diassembled forms of the conditional instructions so
     that JB is now emitted as JC, and other similar changes.  Suggested
     list by Ulrich Doewich.

   * Added '@' to the list of valid characters to begin an identifier
     with.

   * Documentary changes, notably the addition of the 'Common Problems'
     section in nasm.doc.

   * Fixed a bug relating to 32-bit PC-relative fixups in OBJ.

   * Fixed a bug in perm_copy() in labels.c which was causing exceptions
     in cleanup_labels() on some systems.

   * Positivity sanity check in TIMES argument changed from a warning to
     an error following a further complaint.

   * Changed the acceptable limits on byte and word operands to allow
     things like '~10111001b' to work.

   * Fixed a major problem in the preprocessor which caused seg-faults
     if macro definitions contained blank lines or comment-only lines.

   * Fixed inadequate error checking on the commas separating the
     arguments to 'db', 'dw' etc.

   * Fixed a crippling bug in the handling of macros with operand counts
     defined with a '+' modifier.

   * Fixed a bug whereby object file formats which stored the input file
     name in the output file (such as OBJ and COFF) weren't doing so
     correctly when the output file name was specified on the command
     line.

   * Removed [INC] and [INCLUDE] support for good, since they were
     obsolete anyway.

   * Fixed a bug in OBJ which caused all fixups to be output in 16-bit
     (old- format) FIXUPP records, rather than putting the 32-bit ones
     in FIXUPP32 (new-format) records.

   * Added, tentatively, OS/2 object file support (as a minor variant on
     OBJ).

   * Updates to Fox Cutter's Borland C makefile, Makefile.bc2.

   * Removed a spurious second fclose() on the output file.

   * Added the '-s' command line option to redirect all messages which
     would go to stderr (errors, help text) to stdout instead.

   * Added the '-w' command line option to selectively suppress some
     classes of assembly warning messages.

   * Added the '-p' pre-include and '-d' pre-define command-line
     options.

   * Added an include file search path: the '-i' command line option.

   * Fixed a silly little preprocessor bug whereby starting a line with
     a '%!'  environment-variable reference caused an 'unknown
     directive' error.

   * Added the long-awaited listing file support: the '-l' command line
     option.

   * Fixed a problem with OBJ format whereby, in the absence of any
     explicit segment definition, non-global symbols declared in the
     implicit default segment generated spurious EXTDEF records in the
     output.

   * Added the NASM environment variable.

   * From this version forward, Win32 console-mode binaries will be
     included in the DOS distribution in addition to the 16-bit
     binaries.  Added Makefile.vc for this purpose.

   * Added 'return 0;' to test/objlink.c to prevent compiler warnings.

   * Added the __NASM_MAJOR__ and __NASM_MINOR__ standard defines.

   * Added an alternative memory-reference syntax in which prefixing an
     operand with '&' is equivalent to enclosing it in square brackets,
     at the request of Fox Cutter.

   * Errors in pass two now cause the program to return a non-zero error
     code, which they didn't before.

   * Fixed the single-line macro cycle detection, which didn't work at
     all on macros with no parameters (caused an infinite loop).  Also
     changed the behaviour of single-line macro cycle detection to work
     like cpp, so that macros like 'extrn' as given in the documentation
     can be implemented.

   * Fixed the implementation of WRT, which was too restrictive in that
     you couldn't do 'mov ax,[di+abc wrt dgroup]' because (di+abc)
     wasn't a relocatable reference.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3.4,  Next: Section C.3.5,  Prev: Section C.3.3,  Up: Section C.3

C.3.4. Version 0.94 released April 1997
---------------------------------------

   * Major item: added the macro processor.

   * Added undocumented instructions SMI, IBTS, XBTS and LOADALL286.
     Also reorganised CMPXCHG instruction into early-486 and Pentium
     forms.  Thanks to Thobias Jones for the information.

   * Fixed two more stupid bugs in ELF, which were causing 'ld' to
     continue to seg-fault in a lot of non-trivial cases.

   * Fixed a seg-fault in the label manager.

   * Stopped FBLD and FBSTP from _requiring_ the TWORD keyword, which is
     the only option for BCD loads/stores in any case.

   * Ensured FLDCW, FSTCW and FSTSW can cope with the WORD keyword, if
     anyone bothers to provide it.  Previously they complained unless no
     keyword at all was present.

   * Some forms of FDIV/FDIVR and FSUB/FSUBR were still inverted: a
     vestige of a bug that I thought had been fixed in 0.92.  This was
     fixed, hopefully for good this time...

   * Another minor phase error (insofar as a phase error can _ever_ be
     minor) fixed, this one occurring in code of the form

       rol ax,forward_reference
       forward_reference equ 1

   * The number supplied to TIMES is now sanity-checked for positivity,
     and also may be greater than 64K (which previously didn't work on
     16-bit systems).

   * Added Watcom C makefiles, and misc/pmw.bat, donated by Dominik
     Behr.

   * Added the INCBIN pseudo-opcode.

   * Due to the advent of the preprocessor, the [INCLUDE] and [INC]
     directives have become obsolete.  They are still supported in this
     version, with a warning, but won't be in the next.

   * Fixed a bug in OBJ format, which caused incorrect object records to
     be output when absolute labels were made global.

   * Updates to RDOFF subdirectory, and changes to outrdf.c.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3.5,  Next: Section C.3.6,  Prev: Section C.3.4,  Up: Section C.3

C.3.5. Version 0.93 released January 1997
-----------------------------------------

This release went out in a great hurry after semi-crippling bugs were
found in 0.92.

   * Really _did_ fix the stack overflows this time.  *blush*

   * Had problems with EA instruction sizes changing between passes,
     when an offset contained a forward reference and so 4 bytes were
     allocated for the offset in pass one; by pass two the symbol had
     been defined and happened to be a small absolute value, so only 1
     byte got allocated, causing instruction size mismatch between
     passes and hence incorrect address calculations.  Fixed.

   * Stupid bug in the revised ELF section generation fixed (associated
     string- table section for .symtab was hard-coded as 7, even when
     this didn't fit with the real section table).  Was causing 'ld' to
     seg-fault under Linux.

   * Included a new Borland C makefile, Makefile.bc2, donated by Fox
     Cutter <lmb@comtch.iea.com>.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3.6,  Next: Section C.3.7,  Prev: Section C.3.5,  Up: Section C.3

C.3.6. Version 0.92 released January 1997
-----------------------------------------

   * The FDIVP/FDIVRP and FSUBP/FSUBRP pairs had been inverted: this was
     fixed.  This also affected the LCC driver.

   * Fixed a bug regarding 32-bit effective addresses of the form
     '[other_register+ESP]'.

   * Documentary changes, notably documentation of the fact that Borland
     Win32 compilers use 'obj' rather than 'win32' object format.

   * Fixed the COMENT record in OBJ files, which was formatted
     incorrectly.

   * Fixed a bug causing segfaults in large RDF files.

   * OBJ format now strips initial periods from segment and group
     definitions, in order to avoid complications with the local label
     syntax.

   * Fixed a bug in disassembling far calls and jumps in NDISASM.

   * Added support for user-defined sections in COFF and ELF files.

   * Compiled the DOS binaries with a sensible amount of stack, to
     prevent stack overflows on any arithmetic expression containing
     parentheses.

   * Fixed a bug in handling of files that do not terminate in a
     newline.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3.7,  Next: Section C.3.8,  Prev: Section C.3.6,  Up: Section C.3

C.3.7. Version 0.91 released November 1996
------------------------------------------

   * Loads of bug fixes.

   * Support for RDF added.

   * Support for DBG debugging format added.

   * Support for 32-bit extensions to Microsoft OBJ format added.

   * Revised for Borland C: some variable names changed, makefile added.

   * LCC support revised to actually work.

   * JMP/CALL NEAR/FAR notation added.

   * 'a16', 'o16', 'a32' and 'o32' prefixes added.

   * Range checking on short jumps implemented.

   * MMX instruction support added.

   * Negative floating point constant support added.

   * Memory handling improved to bypass 64K barrier under DOS.

   * '$' prefix to force treatment of reserved words as identifiers
     added.

   * Default-size mechanism for object formats added.

   * Compile-time configurability added.

   * '#', '@', '~' and c{?} are now valid characters in labels.

   * '-e' and '-k' options in NDISASM added.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Section C.3.8,  Prev: Section C.3.7,  Up: Section C.3

C.3.8. Version 0.90 released October 1996
-----------------------------------------

First release version.  First support for object file output.  Other
changes from previous version (0.3x) too numerous to document.


File: nasm.info,  Node: Index,  Up: Top

Index
*****

* Menu:

* '!' operator, unary                      (1): Section 3.5.7.
* '!=' operator                            (1): Section 4.4.4.
* '$$' token                               (1): Section 3.5.
* '$$' token                               (2): Section 7.9.3.
* '$', Here token                          (1): Section 3.5.
* '$', prefix                              (1): Section 3.1.
* '$', prefix                              (2): Section 3.4.1.
* '$', prefix                              (3): Section 7.13.2.
* '%' operator                             (1): Section 3.5.6.
* '%!'                                     (1): Section 4.10.2.
* '%$' and '%$$' prefixes                  (1): Section 4.7.2.
* '%%' operator                            (1): Section 3.5.6.
* '%%' operator                            (2): Section 4.3.2.
* '%+'                                     (1): Section 4.1.4.
* '%?'                                     (1): Section 4.1.5.
* '%??'                                    (1): Section 4.1.5.
* '%['                                     (1): Section 4.1.3.
* '&' operator                             (1): Section 3.5.3.
* '&&' operator                            (1): Section 4.4.4.
* '*' operator                             (1): Section 3.5.6.
* '+' modifier                             (1): Section 4.3.3.
* '+' operator, binary                     (1): Section 3.5.5.
* '+' operator, unary                      (1): Section 3.5.7.
* '-' operator, binary                     (1): Section 3.5.5.
* '-' operator, unary                      (1): Section 3.5.7.
* '..@' symbol prefix                      (1): Section 3.9.
* '..@' symbol prefix                      (2): Section 4.3.2.
* '/' operator                             (1): Section 3.5.6.
* '//' operator                            (1): Section 3.5.6.
* '<' operator                             (1): Section 4.4.4.
* '<<' operator                            (1): Section 3.5.4.
* '<=' operator                            (1): Section 4.4.4.
* '<>' operator                            (1): Section 4.4.4.
* '=' operator                             (1): Section 4.4.4.
* '==' operator                            (1): Section 4.4.4.
* '>' operator                             (1): Section 4.4.4.
* '>=' operator                            (1): Section 4.4.4.
* '>>' operator                            (1): Section 3.5.4.
* '?' MASM syntax                          (1): Section 3.2.2.
* '^' operator                             (1): Section 3.5.2.
* '^^' operator                            (1): Section 4.4.4.
* '|' operator                             (1): Section 3.5.1.
* '||' operator                            (1): Section 4.4.4.
* '~' operator                             (1): Section 3.5.7.
* '%0' parameter count                     (1): Section 4.3.5.
* '%0' parameter count                     (2): Section 4.3.6.
* '%00'                                    (1): Section 4.3.7.
* '%+1' and '%-1' syntax                   (1): Section 4.3.10.
* 16-bit mode, versus 32-bit mode          (1): Section 6.1.
* 64-bit displacement                      (1): Section 11.2.
* 64-bit immediate                         (1): Section 11.2.
* '-a' option                              (1): Section 2.1.21.
* '-a' option                              (2): Section A.3.3.
* 'A16'                                    (1): Section 3.1.
* 'a16'                                    (1): Section 10.3.
* 'A32'                                    (1): Section 3.1.
* 'a32'                                    (1): Section 10.3.
* 'A64'                                    (1): Section 3.1.
* 'a64'                                    (1): Section 10.3.
* 'a86'                                    (1): Section 1.1.1.
* 'a86'                                    (2): Section 2.2.
* 'a86'                                    (3): Section 2.2.2.
* 'a86'                                    (4): Section 2.2.6.
* 'ABS'                                    (1): Section 3.3.
* 'ABS'                                    (2): Section 6.2.1.
* 'ABSOLUTE'                               (1): Section 6.4.
* 'ABSOLUTE'                               (2): Section 7.4.1.
* addition                                 (1): Section 3.5.5.
* addressing, mixed-size                   (1): Section 10.2.
* address-size prefixes                    (1): Section 3.1.
* algebra                                  (1): Section 3.3.
* 'ALIGN'                                  (1): Section 4.12.12.
* 'ALIGN'                                  (2): Section 5.2.
* 'ALIGN'                                  (3): Section 7.1.2.
* 'ALIGN'                                  (4): Section 7.4.1.
* 'ALIGN', smart                           (1): Section 5.2.
* 'ALIGNB'                                 (1): Section 4.12.12.
* alignment, in 'bin' sections             (1): Section 7.1.2.
* alignment, in 'elf' sections             (1): Section 7.9.2.
* alignment, in 'obj' sections             (1): Section 7.4.1.
* alignment, in 'win32' sections           (1): Section 7.5.1.
* alignment, of 'elf' common variables     (1): Section 7.9.6.
* 'ALIGNMODE'                              (1): Section 5.2.
* '__ALIGNMODE__'                          (1): Section 5.2.
* 'ALINK'                                  (1): Section 8.1.1.
* 'alink.sourceforge.net'                  (1): Section 8.1.1.
* 'all'                                    (1): Section 2.1.24.
* 'alloc'                                  (1): Section 7.9.2.
* alternate register names                 (1): Section 5.1.
* 'alt.lang.asm'                           (1): Section 1.1.1.
* 'altreg'                                 (1): Section 5.1.
* ambiguity                                (1): Section 2.2.3.
* 'a.out', BSD version                     (1): Section 7.11.
* 'a.out', Linux version                   (1): Section 7.10.
* 'aout'                                   (1): Section 7.10.
* 'aoutb'                                  (1): Section 7.11.
* 'aoutb'                                  (2): Section 9.2.
* '%arg'                                   (1): Section 4.8.1.
* 'arg'                                    (1): Section 8.4.5.
* 'arg'                                    (2): Section 9.1.4.
* 'as86'                                   (1): Section 1.1.1.
* 'as86'                                   (2): Section 7.12.
* assembler directives                     (1): Chapter 6.
* assembly-time options                    (1): Section 2.1.18.
* '%assign'                                (1): Section 4.1.7.
* 'ASSUME'                                 (1): Section 2.2.4.
* 'AT'                                     (1): Section 4.12.11.
* Autoconf                                 (1): Section 1.3.2.
* 'autoexec.bat'                           (1): Section 1.3.1.
* 'auto-sync'                              (1): Section A.3.3.
* '-b'                                     (1): Section A.3.
* bin                                      (1): Section 2.1.2.
* bin                                      (2): Section 7.1.
* bin, multisection                        (1): Section 7.1.3.
* binary                                   (1): Section 3.4.1.
* binary files                             (1): Section 3.2.3.
* bit shift                                (1): Section 3.5.4.
* 'BITS'                                   (1): Section 6.1.
* 'BITS'                                   (2): Section 7.1.
* '__BITS__'                               (1): Section 4.12.5.
* bitwise AND                              (1): Section 3.5.3.
* bitwise OR                               (1): Section 3.5.1.
* bitwise XOR                              (1): Section 3.5.2.
* block IFs                                (1): Section 4.7.6.
* 'BND'                                    (1): Section 6.2.2.
* 'bnd'                                    (1): Section 2.1.24.
* boot loader                              (1): Section 7.1.
* boot sector                              (1): Section 12.1.3.
* Borland, Pascal                          (1): Section 8.5.
* Borland, Win32 compilers                 (1): Section 7.4.
* braces, after '%' sign                   (1): Section 4.3.9.
* braces, around macro parameters          (1): Section 4.3.
* BSD                                      (1): Section 9.2.
* '.bss'                                   (1): Section 7.9.2.
* '.bss'                                   (2): Section 7.10.
* '.bss'                                   (3): Section 7.11.
* '.bss'                                   (4): Section 7.12.
* '.bss'                                   (5): Section 7.13.
* bugs                                     (1): Section 12.2.
* 'bugtracker'                             (1): Section 12.2.
* 'BYTE'                                   (1): Section 12.1.1.
* C calling convention                     (1): Section 8.4.3.
* C calling convention                     (2): Section 9.1.2.
* C symbol names                           (1): Section 8.4.1.
* 'c16.mac'                                (1): Section 8.4.5.
* 'c16.mac'                                (2): Section 8.5.3.
* 'c32.mac'                                (1): Section 9.1.4.
* 'CALL FAR'                               (1): Section 3.6.
* case sensitivity                         (1): Section 2.2.1.
* case sensitivity                         (2): Section 4.1.1.
* case sensitivity                         (3): Section 4.1.2.
* case sensitivity                         (4): Section 4.1.7.
* case sensitivity                         (5): Section 4.3.
* case sensitivity                         (6): Section 4.4.5.
* case sensitivity                         (7): Section 7.4.3.
* changing sections                        (1): Section 6.3.
* character constant                       (1): Section 3.2.1.
* character constant                       (2): Section 3.4.3.
* character strings                        (1): Section 3.4.2.
* circular references                      (1): Section 4.1.1.
* 'CLASS'                                  (1): Section 7.4.1.
* '%clear'                                 (1): Section 4.12.
* 'coff'                                   (1): Section 7.7.
* colon                                    (1): Section 3.1.
* '.COM'                                   (1): Section 7.1.
* '.COM'                                   (2): Section 8.2.
* comma                                    (1): Section 4.3.4.
* command-line                             (1): Section 2.1.
* command-line                             (2): Chapter 7.
* commas in macro parameters               (1): Section 4.3.3.
* '%comment'                               (1): Section 4.11.
* '.comment'                               (1): Section 7.9.2.
* 'COMMON'                                 (1): Section 6.7.
* 'COMMON'                                 (2): Section 7.4.1.
* 'COMMON', 'elf' extensions to            (1): Section 7.9.6.
* 'COMMON', 'obj' extensions to            (1): Section 7.4.8.
* Common Object File Format                (1): Section 7.7.
* common variables                         (1): Section 6.7.
* common variables, alignment in 'elf'     (1): Section 7.9.6.
* common variables, element size           (1): Section 7.4.8.
* 'comp.lang.asm.x86'                      (1): Section 1.1.1.
* 'comp.lang.asm.x86'                      (2): Section 1.2.
* 'comp.os.msdos.programmer'               (1): Section 8.3.
* concatenating macro parameters           (1): Section 4.3.9.
* concatenating strings                    (1): Section 4.2.1.
* condition codes as macro parameters      (1): Section 4.3.10.
* conditional assembly                     (1): Section 4.4.
* conditional jumps                        (1): Section 12.1.2.
* conditional-return macro                 (1): Section 4.3.10.
* 'configure'                              (1): Section 1.3.2.
* constants                                (1): Section 3.4.
* context fall-through lookup              (1): Section 4.7.4.
* context stack                            (1): Section 4.7.
* context stack                            (2): Section 4.7.6.
* context-local labels                     (1): Section 4.7.2.
* context-local single-line macros         (1): Section 4.7.3.
* counting macro parameters                (1): Section 4.3.6.
* 'CPU'                                    (1): Section 6.8.
* 'CPUID'                                  (1): Section 3.4.3.
* creating contexts                        (1): Section 4.7.1.
* critical expression                      (1): Section 3.2.2.
* critical expression                      (2): Section 3.8.
* critical expression                      (3): Section 4.1.7.
* critical expression                      (4): Section 6.4.
* 'cv8'                                    (1): Section 7.5.3.
* '-D' option                              (1): Section 2.1.18.
* '-d' option                              (1): Section 2.1.18.
* daily development snapshots              (1): Section 1.2.
* '.data'                                  (1): Section 7.9.2.
* '.data'                                  (2): Section 7.10.
* '.data'                                  (3): Section 7.11.
* '.data'                                  (4): Section 7.12.
* '.data'                                  (5): Section 7.13.
* '_DATA'                                  (1): Section 8.4.2.
* 'data'                                   (1): Section 7.9.5.
* 'data'                                   (2): Section 7.13.3.
* data structure                           (1): Section 8.4.4.
* data structure                           (2): Section 9.1.3.
* '__DATE__'                               (1): Section 4.12.7.
* '__DATE_NUM__'                           (1): Section 4.12.7.
* 'DB'                                     (1): Section 3.2.
* 'DB'                                     (2): Section 3.2.1.
* 'DB'                                     (3): Section 3.4.4.
* 'DB'                                     (4): Section 3.4.6.
* 'dbg'                                    (1): Section 7.14.
* 'DD'                                     (1): Section 3.2.
* 'DD'                                     (2): Section 3.2.1.
* 'DD'                                     (3): Section 3.4.4.
* 'DD'                                     (4): Section 3.4.6.
* debug information                        (1): Section 2.1.12.
* debug information format                 (1): Section 2.1.11.
* decimal                                  (1): Section 3.4.1.
* declaring structures                     (1): Section 4.12.10.
* 'DEFAULT'                                (1): Section 6.2.
* 'default'                                (1): Section 7.9.5.
* default macro parameters                 (1): Section 4.3.5.
* default name                             (1): Chapter 7.
* default-'WRT' mechanism                  (1): Section 7.4.7.
* '%define'                                (1): Section 2.1.18.
* '%define'                                (2): Section 4.1.1.
* defining sections                        (1): Section 6.3.
* '%defstr'                                (1): Section 4.1.8.
* '%deftok'                                (1): Section 4.1.9.
* '%depend'                                (1): Section 4.6.3.
* design goals                             (1): Section 2.2.2.
* DevPac                                   (1): Section 3.2.3.
* DevPac                                   (2): Section 3.9.
* disabling listing expansion              (1): Section 4.3.11.
* division                                 (1): Section 3.5.6.
* DJGPP                                    (1): Section 7.7.
* DJGPP                                    (2): Chapter 9.
* 'djlink'                                 (1): Section 8.1.1.
* DLL symbols, exporting                   (1): Section 7.4.5.
* DLL symbols, importing                   (1): Section 7.4.4.
* 'DO'                                     (1): Section 3.2.
* 'DO'                                     (2): Section 3.2.1.
* 'DO'                                     (3): Section 3.4.4.
* 'DO'                                     (4): Section 3.4.6.
* DOS                                      (1): Section 1.3.1.
* DOS                                      (2): Section 2.1.14.
* DOS                                      (3): Section 2.1.15.
* DOS source archive                       (1): Section 1.3.1.
* 'DQ'                                     (1): Section 3.2.
* 'DQ'                                     (2): Section 3.2.1.
* 'DQ'                                     (3): Section 3.4.4.
* 'DQ'                                     (4): Section 3.4.6.
* '.drectve'                               (1): Section 7.5.1.
* 'DT'                                     (1): Section 3.2.
* 'DT'                                     (2): Section 3.2.1.
* 'DT'                                     (3): Section 3.4.4.
* 'DT'                                     (4): Section 3.4.6.
* 'DUP'                                    (1): Section 2.2.7.
* 'DUP'                                    (2): Section 3.2.5.
* 'DW'                                     (1): Section 3.2.
* 'DW'                                     (2): Section 3.2.1.
* 'DW'                                     (3): Section 3.4.4.
* 'DW'                                     (4): Section 3.4.6.
* 'DWORD'                                  (1): Section 3.1.
* 'DY'                                     (1): Section 3.2.
* 'DY'                                     (2): Section 3.2.1.
* 'DY'                                     (3): Section 3.4.4.
* 'DZ'                                     (1): Section 3.2.
* 'DZ'                                     (2): Section 3.2.1.
* '-E' option                              (1): Section 2.1.20.
* '-e' option                              (1): Section 2.1.20.
* '-e' option                              (2): Section A.3.4.
* effective addresses                      (1): Section 3.1.
* effective addresses                      (2): Section 3.3.
* element size, in common variables        (1): Section 7.4.8.
* ELF                                      (1): Section 7.9.
* ELF, 16-bit code and                     (1): Section 7.9.7.
* elf, debug formats and                   (1): Section 7.9.8.
* 'elf32'                                  (1): Section 7.9.
* 'elf64'                                  (1): Section 7.9.
* 'elfx32'                                 (1): Section 7.9.
* '%elif'                                  (1): Section 4.4.
* '%elif'                                  (2): Section 4.4.4.
* '%elifctx'                               (1): Section 4.4.3.
* '%elifdef'                               (1): Section 4.4.1.
* '%elifempty'                             (1): Section 4.4.8.
* '%elifenv'                               (1): Section 4.4.9.
* '%elifid'                                (1): Section 4.4.6.
* '%elifidn'                               (1): Section 4.4.5.
* '%elifidni'                              (1): Section 4.4.5.
* '%elifmacro'                             (1): Section 4.4.2.
* '%elifn'                                 (1): Section 4.4.
* '%elifn'                                 (2): Section 4.4.4.
* '%elifnctx'                              (1): Section 4.4.3.
* '%elifndef'                              (1): Section 4.4.1.
* '%elifnempty'                            (1): Section 4.4.8.
* '%elifnenv'                              (1): Section 4.4.9.
* '%elifnid'                               (1): Section 4.4.6.
* '%elifnidn'                              (1): Section 4.4.5.
* '%elifnidni'                             (1): Section 4.4.5.
* '%elifnmacro'                            (1): Section 4.4.2.
* '%elifnnum'                              (1): Section 4.4.6.
* '%elifnstr'                              (1): Section 4.4.6.
* '%elifntoken'                            (1): Section 4.4.7.
* '%elifnum'                               (1): Section 4.4.6.
* '%elifstr'                               (1): Section 4.4.6.
* '%eliftoken'                             (1): Section 4.4.7.
* '%else'                                  (1): Section 4.4.
* 'endproc'                                (1): Section 8.4.5.
* 'endproc'                                (2): Section 9.1.4.
* '%endrep'                                (1): Section 4.5.
* 'ENDSTRUC'                               (1): Section 4.12.10.
* 'ENDSTRUC'                               (2): Section 6.4.
* environment                              (1): Section 2.1.28.
* 'EQU'                                    (1): Section 3.2.
* 'EQU'                                    (2): Section 3.2.4.
* '%error'                                 (1): Section 4.9.
* 'error'                                  (1): Section 2.1.24.
* error messages                           (1): Section 2.1.14.
* error messages                           (2): Section 2.1.15.
* error reporting format                   (1): Section 2.1.13.
* escape sequences                         (1): Section 3.4.2.
* 'EVEN'                                   (1): Section 4.12.12.
* exact matches                            (1): Section 4.3.12.
* '.EXE'                                   (1): Section 7.4.
* '.EXE'                                   (2): Section 8.1.
* 'EXE2BIN'                                (1): Section 8.2.2.
* 'EXE_begin'                              (1): Section 8.1.2.
* 'exebin.mac'                             (1): Section 8.1.2.
* 'exec'                                   (1): Section 7.9.2.
* Executable and Linkable Format           (1): Section 7.9.
* 'EXE_end'                                (1): Section 8.1.2.
* 'EXE_stack'                              (1): Section 8.1.2.
* '%exitrep'                               (1): Section 4.5.
* 'EXPORT'                                 (1): Section 7.4.5.
* 'export'                                 (1): Section 7.13.3.
* exporting symbols                        (1): Section 6.6.
* expressions                              (1): Section 2.1.20.
* expressions                              (2): Section 3.5.
* extension                                (1): Section 2.1.1.
* extension                                (2): Chapter 7.
* 'EXTERN'                                 (1): Section 6.5.
* 'EXTERN', 'obj' extensions to            (1): Section 7.4.7.
* 'EXTERN', 'rdf' extensions to            (1): Section 7.13.4.
* extracting substrings                    (1): Section 4.2.3.
* '-F' option                              (1): Section 2.1.11.
* '-f' option                              (1): Section 2.1.2.
* '-f' option                              (2): Chapter 7.
* far call                                 (1): Section 2.2.5.
* far common variables                     (1): Section 7.4.8.
* far pointer                              (1): Section 3.6.
* 'FARCODE'                                (1): Section 8.4.5.
* 'FARCODE'                                (2): Section 8.5.3.
* '%fatal'                                 (1): Section 4.9.
* '__FILE__'                               (1): Section 4.12.4.
* 'FLAT'                                   (1): Section 7.4.1.
* flat memory model                        (1): Chapter 9.
* flat-form binary                         (1): Section 7.1.
* 'FLOAT'                                  (1): Section 6.9.
* '__FLOAT__'                              (1): Section 6.9.
* '__float128h__'                          (1): Section 3.4.6.
* '__float128l__'                          (1): Section 3.4.6.
* '__float16__'                            (1): Section 3.4.6.
* '__float32__'                            (1): Section 3.4.6.
* '__float64__'                            (1): Section 3.4.6.
* '__float8__'                             (1): Section 3.4.6.
* '__float80e__'                           (1): Section 3.4.6.
* '__float80m__'                           (1): Section 3.4.6.
* '__FLOAT_DAZ__'                          (1): Section 6.9.
* 'float-denorm'                           (1): Section 2.1.24.
* floating-point, constants                (1): Section 3.4.6.
* floating-point, constants                (2): Section 6.9.
* floating-point, packed BCD constants     (1): Section 3.4.7.
* floating-point                           (1): Section 2.2.6.
* floating-point                           (2): Section 3.1.
* floating-point                           (3): Section 3.2.1.
* floating-point                           (4): Section 3.4.6.
* 'float-overflow'                         (1): Section 2.1.24.
* '__FLOAT_ROUND__'                        (1): Section 6.9.
* 'float-toolong'                          (1): Section 2.1.24.
* 'float-underflow'                        (1): Section 2.1.24.
* 'follows='                               (1): Section 7.1.3.
* format-specific directives               (1): Chapter 6.
* 'fp'                                     (1): Section 5.3.
* frame pointer                            (1): Section 8.4.3.
* frame pointer                            (2): Section 8.5.1.
* frame pointer                            (3): Section 9.1.2.
* FreeBSD                                  (1): Section 7.11.
* FreeBSD                                  (2): Section 9.2.
* FreeLink                                 (1): Section 8.1.1.
* 'ftp.simtel.net'                         (1): Section 8.1.1.
* 'function'                               (1): Section 7.9.5.
* 'function'                               (2): Section 7.13.3.
* functions, C calling convention          (1): Section 8.4.3.
* functions, C calling convention          (2): Section 9.1.2.
* functions, Pascal calling convention     (1): Section 8.5.1.
* '-g' option                              (1): Section 2.1.12.
* 'gas'                                    (1): Section 1.1.1.
* 'gcc'                                    (1): Section 1.1.1.
* 'GLOBAL'                                 (1): Section 6.6.
* 'GLOBAL', 'aoutb' extensions to          (1): Section 7.9.5.
* 'GLOBAL', 'elf' extensions to            (1): Section 7.9.5.
* 'GLOBAL', 'rdf' extensions to            (1): Section 7.13.3.
* global offset table                      (1): Section 9.2.
* '_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_'                  (1): Section 7.9.3.
* 'gnu-elf-extensions'                     (1): Section 2.1.24.
* '..got'                                  (1): Section 7.9.3.
* 'GOT' relocations                        (1): Section 9.2.3.
* GOT                                      (1): Section 7.9.3.
* GOT                                      (2): Section 9.2.
* '..gotoff'                               (1): Section 7.9.3.
* 'GOTOFF' relocations                     (1): Section 9.2.2.
* '..gotpc'                                (1): Section 7.9.3.
* 'GOTPC' relocations                      (1): Section 9.2.1.
* '..gottpoff'                             (1): Section 7.9.4.
* graphics                                 (1): Section 3.2.3.
* greedy macro parameters                  (1): Section 4.3.3.
* 'GROUP'                                  (1): Section 7.4.2.
* groups                                   (1): Section 3.6.
* '-h'                                     (1): Section A.3.
* hexadecimal                              (1): Section 3.4.1.
* 'hidden'                                 (1): Section 7.9.5.
* 'hle'                                    (1): Section 2.1.24.
* hybrid syntaxes                          (1): Section 2.2.2.
* '-I' option                              (1): Section 2.1.16.
* '-i' option                              (1): Section 2.1.16.
* '-i' option                              (2): Section A.3.3.
* '%iassign'                               (1): Section 4.1.7.
* '%idefine'                               (1): Section 4.1.1.
* '%idefstr'                               (1): Section 4.1.8.
* '%ideftok'                               (1): Section 4.1.9.
* 'IEND'                                   (1): Section 4.12.11.
* '%if'                                    (1): Section 4.4.
* '%if'                                    (2): Section 4.4.4.
* '%ifctx'                                 (1): Section 4.4.3.
* '%ifctx'                                 (2): Section 4.7.6.
* '%ifdef'                                 (1): Section 4.4.1.
* '%ifempty'                               (1): Section 4.4.8.
* '%ifenv'                                 (1): Section 4.4.9.
* '%ifid'                                  (1): Section 4.4.6.
* '%ifidn'                                 (1): Section 4.4.5.
* '%ifidni'                                (1): Section 4.4.5.
* '%ifmacro'                               (1): Section 4.4.2.
* '%ifn'                                   (1): Section 4.4.
* '%ifn'                                   (2): Section 4.4.4.
* '%ifnctx'                                (1): Section 4.4.3.
* '%ifndef'                                (1): Section 4.4.1.
* '%ifnempty'                              (1): Section 4.4.8.
* '%ifnenv'                                (1): Section 4.4.9.
* '%ifnid'                                 (1): Section 4.4.6.
* '%ifnidn'                                (1): Section 4.4.5.
* '%ifnidni'                               (1): Section 4.4.5.
* '%ifnmacro'                              (1): Section 4.4.2.
* '%ifnnum'                                (1): Section 4.4.6.
* '%ifnstr'                                (1): Section 4.4.6.
* '%ifntoken'                              (1): Section 4.4.7.
* '%ifnum'                                 (1): Section 4.4.6.
* '%ifstr'                                 (1): Section 4.4.6.
* '%iftoken'                               (1): Section 4.4.7.
* 'ifunc'                                  (1): Section 5.4.
* 'ilog2()'                                (1): Section 5.4.1.
* 'ilog2c()'                               (1): Section 5.4.1.
* 'ilog2e()'                               (1): Section 5.4.1.
* 'ilog2f()'                               (1): Section 5.4.1.
* 'ilog2w()'                               (1): Section 5.4.1.
* '%imacro'                                (1): Section 4.3.
* 'IMPORT'                                 (1): Section 7.4.4.
* import library                           (1): Section 7.4.4.
* importing symbols                        (1): Section 6.5.
* 'INCBIN'                                 (1): Section 3.2.
* 'INCBIN'                                 (2): Section 3.2.3.
* 'INCBIN'                                 (3): Section 3.4.4.
* '%include'                               (1): Section 2.1.16.
* '%include'                               (2): Section 2.1.17.
* '%include'                               (3): Section 4.6.1.
* include search path                      (1): Section 2.1.16.
* including other files                    (1): Section 4.6.1.
* inefficient code                         (1): Section 12.1.1.
* infinite loop                            (1): Section 3.5.
* '__Infinity__'                           (1): Section 3.4.6.
* infinity                                 (1): Section 3.4.6.
* informational section                    (1): Section 7.5.1.
* 'INSTALL'                                (1): Section 1.3.2.
* installing                               (1): Section 1.3.1.
* instances of structures                  (1): Section 4.12.11.
* instruction list                         (1): Appendix B.
* integer functions                        (1): Section 3.5.7.
* integer functions                        (2): Section 5.4.
* integer logarithms                       (1): Section 5.4.1.
* intel hex                                (1): Section 7.2.
* Intel number formats                     (1): Section 3.4.6.
* 'internal'                               (1): Section 7.9.5.
* 'ISTRUC'                                 (1): Section 4.12.11.
* iterating over macro parameters          (1): Section 4.3.8.
* 'ith'                                    (1): Section 7.2.
* '%ixdefine'                              (1): Section 4.1.2.
* 'Jcc NEAR'                               (1): Section 12.1.2.
* 'JMP DWORD'                              (1): Section 10.1.
* jumps, mixed-size                        (1): Section 10.1.
* '-k'                                     (1): Section A.3.4.
* '-l' option                              (1): Section 2.1.3.
* label preceeding macro                   (1): Section 4.3.7.
* label prefix                             (1): Section 3.9.
* last                                     (1): Section 4.3.4.
* '.lbss'                                  (1): Section 7.9.2.
* 'ld86'                                   (1): Section 7.12.
* '.ldata'                                 (1): Section 7.9.2.
* 'LIBRARY'                                (1): Section 7.13.1.
* license                                  (1): Section 1.1.2.
* '%line'                                  (1): Section 4.10.1.
* '__LINE__'                               (1): Section 4.12.4.
* linker, free                             (1): Section 8.1.1.
* Linux, 'a.out'                           (1): Section 7.10.
* Linux, 'as86'                            (1): Section 7.12.
* Linux, ELF                               (1): Section 7.9.
* listing file                             (1): Section 2.1.3.
* little-endian                            (1): Section 3.4.3.
* '%local'                                 (1): Section 4.8.3.
* local labels                             (1): Section 3.9.
* 'lock'                                   (1): Section 2.1.24.
* logical AND                              (1): Section 4.4.4.
* logical negation                         (1): Section 3.5.7.
* logical OR                               (1): Section 4.4.4.
* logical XOR                              (1): Section 4.4.4.
* '.lrodata'                               (1): Section 7.9.2.
* '-M' option                              (1): Section 2.1.4.
* Mach, object file format                 (1): Section 7.8.
* Mach-O, object file format               (1): Section 7.8.
* 'macho32'                                (1): Section 7.8.
* 'macho64'                                (1): Section 7.8.
* MacOS X                                  (1): Section 7.8.
* '%macro'                                 (1): Section 4.3.
* macro indirection                        (1): Section 4.1.3.
* macro library                            (1): Section 2.1.16.
* macro parameters range                   (1): Section 4.3.4.
* macro processor                          (1): Chapter 4.
* 'macro-defaults'                         (1): Section 2.1.24.
* macro-local labels                       (1): Section 4.3.2.
* 'macro-params'                           (1): Section 2.1.24.
* macros                                   (1): Section 3.2.5.
* 'macro-selfref'                          (1): Section 2.1.24.
* 'make'                                   (1): Section 1.3.2.
* makefile dependencies                    (1): Section 2.1.4.
* makefile dependencies                    (2): Section 2.1.5.
* makefiles                                (1): Section 1.3.1.
* makefiles                                (2): Section 1.3.2.
* man pages                                (1): Section 1.3.2.
* map files                                (1): Section 7.1.4.
* 'MASM'                                   (1): Section 1.1.1.
* MASM                                     (1): Section 2.2.
* MASM                                     (2): Section 3.2.5.
* MASM                                     (3): Section 7.4.
* '-MD' option                             (1): Section 2.1.7.
* memory models                            (1): Section 2.2.5.
* memory models                            (2): Section 8.4.2.
* memory operand                           (1): Section 3.1.
* memory references                        (1): Section 2.2.2.
* memory references                        (2): Section 3.3.
* '-MF' option                             (1): Section 2.1.6.
* '-MG' option                             (1): Section 2.1.5.
* Microsoft OMF                            (1): Section 7.4.
* minifloat                                (1): Section 3.4.6.
* Minix                                    (1): Section 7.12.
* 'misc' subdirectory                      (1): Section 8.1.2.
* 'misc' subdirectory                      (2): Section 8.4.5.
* 'misc' subdirectory                      (3): Section 9.1.4.
* mixed-language program                   (1): Section 8.4.
* mixed-size addressing                    (1): Section 10.2.
* mixed-size instruction                   (1): Section 10.1.
* 'MODULE'                                 (1): Section 7.13.2.
* modulo operators                         (1): Section 3.5.6.
* motorola s-records                       (1): Section 7.3.
* '-MP' option                             (1): Section 2.1.10.
* '-MQ' option                             (1): Section 2.1.9.
* MS-DOS                                   (1): Section 7.1.
* MS-DOS device drivers                    (1): Section 8.3.
* '-MT' option                             (1): Section 2.1.8.
* multi-line macros                        (1): Section 2.1.24.
* multi-line macros                        (2): Section 4.3.
* multipass optimization                   (1): Section 2.1.22.
* multiple section names                   (1): Section 7.1.
* multiplication                           (1): Section 3.5.6.
* 'multipush' macro                        (1): Section 4.3.8.
* multisection                             (1): Section 7.1.3.
* '__NaN__'                                (1): Section 3.4.6.
* NaN                                      (1): Section 3.4.6.
* NASM version                             (1): Section 4.12.1.
* nasm version history                     (1): Appendix C.
* nasm version id                          (1): Section 4.12.2.
* nasm version string                      (1): Section 4.12.3.
* 'nasm.1'                                 (1): Section 1.3.2.
* '__NASMDEFSEG'                           (1): Section 7.4.
* 'nasm-devel'                             (1): Section 1.2.
* 'NASMENV'                                (1): Section 2.1.28.
* 'nasm.exe'                               (1): Section 1.3.1.
* 'nasm -hf'                               (1): Section 2.1.2.
* '__NASM_MAJOR__'                         (1): Section 4.12.1.
* '__NASM_MINOR__'                         (1): Section 4.12.1.
* 'nasm.out'                               (1): Section 2.1.1.
* '___NASM_PATCHLEVEL__'                   (1): Section 4.12.1.
* '__NASM_SNAPSHOT__'                      (1): Section 4.12.1.
* '__NASM_SUBMINOR__'                      (1): Section 4.12.1.
* '__NASM_VER__'                           (1): Section 4.12.3.
* '__NASM_VERSION_ID__'                    (1): Section 4.12.2.
* 'nasm-XXX-dos.zip'                       (1): Section 1.3.1.
* 'nasm-XXX.tar.gz'                        (1): Section 1.3.2.
* 'nasm-XXX-win32.zip'                     (1): Section 1.3.1.
* 'nasm-XXX.zip'                           (1): Section 1.3.1.
* ndisasm                                  (1): Appendix A.
* 'ndisasm.1'                              (1): Section 1.3.2.
* 'ndisasm.exe'                            (1): Section 1.3.1.
* near call                                (1): Section 2.2.5.
* near common variables                    (1): Section 7.4.8.
* NetBSD                                   (1): Section 7.11.
* NetBSD                                   (2): Section 9.2.
* new releases                             (1): Section 1.2.
* 'noalloc'                                (1): Section 7.9.2.
* 'nobits'                                 (1): Section 7.1.3.
* 'nobits'                                 (2): Section 7.9.2.
* 'NOBND'                                  (1): Section 6.2.2.
* 'noexec'                                 (1): Section 7.9.2.
* '.nolist'                                (1): Section 4.3.11.
* 'nowait'                                 (1): Section 2.2.6.
* 'nowrite'                                (1): Section 7.9.2.
* 'number-overflow'                        (1): Section 2.1.24.
* numeric constants                        (1): Section 3.2.1.
* numeric constants                        (2): Section 3.4.1.
* '-O' option                              (1): Section 2.1.22.
* '-o' option                              (1): Section 2.1.1.
* '-o' option                              (2): Section A.3.1.
* 'O16'                                    (1): Section 3.1.
* 'o16'                                    (1): Section 10.3.
* 'O32'                                    (1): Section 3.1.
* 'o32'                                    (1): Section 10.3.
* 'O64'                                    (1): Section 3.1.
* '.OBJ'                                   (1): Section 8.1.
* 'obj'                                    (1): Section 7.4.
* 'object'                                 (1): Section 7.9.5.
* 'object'                                 (2): Section 7.13.3.
* octal                                    (1): Section 3.4.1.
* 'OF_DBG'                                 (1): Section 7.14.
* 'OF_DEFAULT'                             (1): Section 2.1.2.
* 'OFFSET'                                 (1): Section 2.2.2.
* OMF                                      (1): Section 7.4.
* omitted parameters                       (1): Section 4.3.5.
* one's complement                         (1): Section 3.5.7.
* OpenBSD                                  (1): Section 7.11.
* OpenBSD                                  (2): Section 9.2.
* operands                                 (1): Section 3.1.
* operand-size prefixes                    (1): Section 3.1.
* operating system                         (1): Section 7.1.
* operating system, writing                (1): Section 10.1.
* operators                                (1): Section 3.5.
* 'ORG'                                    (1): Section 7.1.1.
* 'ORG'                                    (2): Section 8.2.1.
* 'ORG'                                    (3): Section 8.2.2.
* 'ORG'                                    (4): Section 12.1.3.
* 'orphan-labels'                          (1): Section 2.1.24.
* 'orphan-labels'                          (2): Section 3.1.
* OS/2                                     (1): Section 7.4.
* OS/2                                     (2): Section 7.4.1.
* 'osabi'                                  (1): Section 7.9.1.
* other preprocessor directives            (1): Section 4.10.
* out of range, jumps                      (1): Section 12.1.2.
* output file format                       (1): Section 2.1.2.
* output formats                           (1): Chapter 7.
* '__OUTPUT_FORMAT__'                      (1): Section 4.12.6.
* overlapping segments                     (1): Section 3.6.
* 'OVERLAY'                                (1): Section 7.4.1.
* overloading, multi-line macros           (1): Section 4.3.1.
* overloading, single-line macros          (1): Section 4.1.1.
* '-P' option                              (1): Section 2.1.17.
* '-p' option                              (1): Section 2.1.17.
* '-p' option                              (2): Section 4.6.1.
* paradox                                  (1): Section 3.8.
* 'PASCAL'                                 (1): Section 8.5.3.
* Pascal calling convention                (1): Section 8.5.1.
* '__PASS__'                               (1): Section 4.12.9.
* 'PATH'                                   (1): Section 1.3.1.
* '%pathsearch'                            (1): Section 2.1.16.
* '%pathsearch'                            (2): Section 4.6.2.
* period                                   (1): Section 3.9.
* Perl                                     (1): Section 1.3.1.
* perverse                                 (1): Section 2.1.16.
* PharLap                                  (1): Section 7.4.1.
* PIC                                      (1): Section 7.9.3.
* PIC                                      (2): Section 7.11.
* PIC                                      (3): Section 9.2.
* '..plt'                                  (1): Section 7.9.3.
* 'PLT' relocations                        (1): Section 7.9.3.
* 'PLT' relocations                        (2): Section 9.2.4.
* 'PLT' relocations                        (3): Section 9.2.5.
* plt relocations                          (1): Section 9.2.5.
* '%pop'                                   (1): Section 4.7.
* '%pop'                                   (2): Section 4.7.1.
* position-independent code                (1): Section 7.9.3.
* position-independent code                (2): Section 7.11.
* position-independent code                (3): Section 9.2.
* '--postfix'                              (1): Section 2.1.27.
* precedence                               (1): Section 3.5.
* pre-defining macros                      (1): Section 2.1.18.
* pre-defining macros                      (2): Section 4.1.1.
* preferred                                (1): Section 3.6.
* '--prefix'                               (1): Section 2.1.27.
* pre-including files                      (1): Section 2.1.17.
* preprocess-only mode                     (1): Section 2.1.20.
* preprocessor                             (1): Section 2.1.20.
* preprocessor                             (2): Section 2.1.21.
* preprocessor                             (3): Section 3.2.4.
* preprocessor                             (4): Section 3.5.6.
* preprocessor                             (5): Chapter 4.
* preprocessor expressions                 (1): Section 2.1.20.
* preprocessor loops                       (1): Section 4.5.
* preprocessor variables                   (1): Section 4.1.7.
* primitive directives                     (1): Chapter 6.
* 'PRIVATE'                                (1): Section 7.4.1.
* 'proc'                                   (1): Section 7.13.3.
* 'proc'                                   (2): Section 8.4.5.
* 'proc'                                   (3): Section 9.1.4.
* procedure linkage table                  (1): Section 7.9.3.
* procedure linkage table                  (2): Section 9.2.4.
* procedure linkage table                  (3): Section 9.2.5.
* processor mode                           (1): Section 6.1.
* 'progbits'                               (1): Section 7.1.3.
* 'progbits'                               (2): Section 7.9.2.
* program entry point                      (1): Section 7.4.6.
* program entry point                      (2): Section 8.1.1.
* program origin                           (1): Section 7.1.1.
* 'protected'                              (1): Section 7.9.5.
* pseudo-instructions                      (1): Section 3.2.
* 'PUBLIC'                                 (1): Section 6.6.
* 'PUBLIC'                                 (2): Section 7.4.1.
* pure binary                              (1): Section 7.1.
* '%push'                                  (1): Section 4.7.
* '%push'                                  (2): Section 4.7.1.
* '__QNaN__'                               (1): Section 3.4.6.
* quick start                              (1): Section 2.2.
* 'QWORD'                                  (1): Section 3.1.
* '-r'                                     (1): Section A.3.
* 'rdf'                                    (1): Section 7.13.
* 'rdoff' subdirectory                     (1): Section 1.3.2.
* 'rdoff' subdirectory                     (2): Section 7.13.
* redirecting errors                       (1): Section 2.1.14.
* 'REL'                                    (1): Section 3.3.
* 'REL'                                    (2): Section 6.2.1.
* relational operators                     (1): Section 4.4.4.
* release candidates                       (1): Section 1.2.
* Relocatable Dynamic Object File Format   (1): Section 7.13.
* relocations, PIC-specific                (1): Section 7.9.3.
* removing contexts                        (1): Section 4.7.1.
* renaming contexts                        (1): Section 4.7.5.
* '%rep'                                   (1): Section 3.2.5.
* '%rep'                                   (2): Section 4.5.
* repeating                                (1): Section 3.2.5.
* repeating                                (2): Section 4.5.
* '%repl'                                  (1): Section 4.7.5.
* reporting bugs                           (1): Section 12.2.
* 'RESB'                                   (1): Section 2.2.7.
* 'RESB'                                   (2): Section 3.2.
* 'RESB'                                   (3): Section 3.2.2.
* 'RESD'                                   (1): Section 3.2.
* 'RESD'                                   (2): Section 3.2.2.
* 'RESO'                                   (1): Section 3.2.
* 'RESO'                                   (2): Section 3.2.2.
* 'RESQ'                                   (1): Section 3.2.
* 'RESQ'                                   (2): Section 3.2.2.
* 'REST'                                   (1): Section 3.2.
* 'REST'                                   (2): Section 3.2.2.
* 'RESW'                                   (1): Section 3.2.
* 'RESW'                                   (2): Section 3.2.2.
* 'RESY'                                   (1): Section 3.2.
* 'RESY'                                   (2): Section 3.2.2.
* 'RESZ'                                   (1): Section 3.2.
* 'RESZ'                                   (2): Section 3.2.2.
* '.rodata'                                (1): Section 7.9.2.
* '%rotate'                                (1): Section 4.3.8.
* rotating macro parameters                (1): Section 4.3.8.
* '-s' option                              (1): Section 2.1.15.
* '-s' option                              (2): Section A.3.2.
* searching for include files              (1): Section 4.6.1.
* '__SECT__'                               (1): Section 6.3.1.
* '__SECT__'                               (2): Section 6.4.
* 'SECTALIGN'                              (1): Section 4.12.13.
* 'SECTION'                                (1): Section 6.3.
* 'SECTION', 'elf' extensions to           (1): Section 7.9.2.
* 'SECTION', 'macho' extensions to         (1): Section 7.8.1.
* 'SECTION', 'win32' extensions to         (1): Section 7.5.1.
* section alignment, in 'bin'              (1): Section 7.1.2.
* section alignment, in 'elf'              (1): Section 7.9.2.
* section alignment, in 'obj'              (1): Section 7.4.1.
* section alignment, in 'win32'            (1): Section 7.5.1.
* section, bin extensions to               (1): Section 7.1.2.
* 'SEG'                                    (1): Section 3.5.7.
* 'SEG'                                    (2): Section 3.6.
* 'SEG'                                    (3): Section 7.4.
* 'SEGMENT'                                (1): Section 6.3.
* 'SEGMENT', 'elf' extensions to           (1): Section 7.4.1.
* segment address                          (1): Section 3.5.7.
* segment address                          (2): Section 3.6.
* segment alignment, in 'bin'              (1): Section 7.1.2.
* segment alignment, in 'obj'              (1): Section 7.4.1.
* segment names, Borland Pascal            (1): Section 8.5.2.
* segment override                         (1): Section 2.2.4.
* segment override                         (2): Section 3.1.
* segments                                 (1): Section 3.6.
* segments, groups of                      (1): Section 7.4.2.
* separator character                      (1): Section 2.1.28.
* shared libraries                         (1): Section 7.11.
* shared libraries                         (2): Section 9.2.
* shared library                           (1): Section 7.9.5.
* 'shift' command                          (1): Section 4.3.8.
* signed division                          (1): Section 3.5.6.
* signed modulo                            (1): Section 3.5.6.
* single-line macros                       (1): Section 4.1.
* size, of symbols                         (1): Section 7.9.5.
* 'smartalign'                             (1): Section 5.2.
* '__SNaN__'                               (1): Section 3.4.6.
* snapshots, daily development             (1): Section 1.2.
* Solaris x86                              (1): Section 7.9.
* '-soname'                                (1): Section 9.2.6.
* sound                                    (1): Section 3.2.3.
* source code                              (1): Section 1.3.1.
* source-listing file                      (1): Section 2.1.3.
* square brackets                          (1): Section 2.2.2.
* square brackets                          (2): Section 3.3.
* 'srec'                                   (1): Section 7.3.
* 'STACK'                                  (1): Section 7.4.1.
* stack relative preprocessor directives   (1): Section 4.8.
* '%stacksize'                             (1): Section 4.8.2.
* standard macro packages                  (1): Chapter 5.
* standard macros                          (1): Section 4.12.
* standardized section names               (1): Section 6.3.
* standardized section names               (2): Section 7.5.1.
* standardized section names               (3): Section 7.9.2.
* standardized section names               (4): Section 7.10.
* standardized section names               (5): Section 7.11.
* standardized section names               (6): Section 7.12.
* standardized section names               (7): Section 7.13.
* '..start'                                (1): Section 7.4.6.
* '..start'                                (2): Section 8.1.1.
* 'start='                                 (1): Section 7.1.3.
* 'stderr'                                 (1): Section 2.1.14.
* 'stdout'                                 (1): Section 2.1.15.
* '%strcat'                                (1): Section 4.2.1.
* 'STRICT'                                 (1): Section 3.7.
* string constant                          (1): Section 3.2.1.
* string constants                         (1): Section 3.4.4.
* string length                            (1): Section 4.2.2.
* string manipulation in macros            (1): Section 4.2.
* strings                                  (1): Section 3.4.2.
* '%strlen'                                (1): Section 4.2.2.
* 'STRUC'                                  (1): Section 4.12.10.
* 'STRUC'                                  (2): Section 6.4.
* 'STRUC'                                  (3): Section 8.4.4.
* 'STRUC'                                  (4): Section 9.1.3.
* stub preprocessor                        (1): Section 2.1.21.
* '%substr'                                (1): Section 4.2.3.
* subtraction                              (1): Section 3.5.5.
* suppressible warning                     (1): Section 2.1.24.
* suppressing preprocessing                (1): Section 2.1.21.
* switching between sections               (1): Section 6.3.
* '..sym'                                  (1): Section 7.9.3.
* symbol sizes, specifying                 (1): Section 7.9.5.
* symbol types, specifying                 (1): Section 7.9.5.
* symbols, exporting from DLLs             (1): Section 7.4.5.
* symbols, importing from DLLs             (1): Section 7.4.4.
* 'synchronisation'                        (1): Section A.3.2.
* '.SYS'                                   (1): Section 7.1.
* '.SYS'                                   (2): Section 8.3.
* '-t'                                     (1): Section 2.1.23.
* 'TASM'                                   (1): Section 1.1.1.
* 'TASM'                                   (2): Section 2.1.23.
* tasm                                     (1): Section 2.2.
* tasm                                     (2): Section 7.4.
* '.tbss'                                  (1): Section 7.9.2.
* 'TBYTE'                                  (1): Section 2.2.7.
* '.tdata'                                 (1): Section 7.9.2.
* 'test' subdirectory                      (1): Section 8.1.1.
* testing, arbitrary numeric expressions   (1): Section 4.4.4.
* testing, context stack                   (1): Section 4.4.3.
* testing, exact text identity             (1): Section 4.4.5.
* testing, multi-line macro existence      (1): Section 4.4.2.
* testing, single-line macro existence     (1): Section 4.4.1.
* testing, token types                     (1): Section 4.4.6.
* '.text'                                  (1): Section 7.9.2.
* '.text'                                  (2): Section 7.10.
* '.text'                                  (3): Section 7.11.
* '.text'                                  (4): Section 7.12.
* '.text'                                  (5): Section 7.13.
* '_TEXT'                                  (1): Section 8.4.2.
* thread local storage in elf              (1): Section 7.9.4.
* thread local storage in mach-o           (1): Section 7.8.2.
* '__TIME__'                               (1): Section 4.12.7.
* '__TIME_NUM__'                           (1): Section 4.12.7.
* 'TIMES'                                  (1): Section 3.2.
* 'TIMES'                                  (2): Section 3.2.5.
* 'TIMES'                                  (3): Section 3.8.
* 'TIMES'                                  (4): Section 12.1.3.
* 'TIMES'                                  (5): Section 12.1.4.
* 'TLINK'                                  (1): Section 8.2.2.
* tls                                      (1): Section 7.8.2.
* tls                                      (2): Section 7.9.2.
* tls                                      (3): Section 7.9.4.
* '..tlsie'                                (1): Section 7.9.4.
* trailing colon                           (1): Section 3.1.
* 'TWORD'                                  (1): Section 2.2.7.
* 'TWORD'                                  (2): Section 3.1.
* type, of symbols                         (1): Section 7.9.5.
* '-U' option                              (1): Section 2.1.19.
* '-u' option                              (1): Section 2.1.19.
* '-u' option                              (2): Section A.3.
* unary operators                          (1): Section 3.5.7.
* '%undef'                                 (1): Section 2.1.19.
* '%undef'                                 (2): Section 4.1.6.
* undefining macros                        (1): Section 2.1.19.
* underscore, in C symbols                 (1): Section 8.4.1.
* Unicode                                  (1): Section 3.4.2.
* Unicode                                  (2): Section 3.4.5.
* uninitialized                            (1): Section 3.2.
* uninitialized                            (2): Section 3.2.2.
* uninitialized storage                    (1): Section 2.2.7.
* Unix                                     (1): Section 1.3.2.
* Unix, SCO                                (1): Section 7.9.
* Unix, source archive                     (1): Section 1.3.2.
* Unix, System V                           (1): Section 7.9.
* UnixWare                                 (1): Section 7.9.
* '%unmacro'                               (1): Section 4.3.12.
* unrolled loops                           (1): Section 3.2.5.
* unsigned division                        (1): Section 3.5.6.
* unsigned modulo                          (1): Section 3.5.6.
* 'UPPERCASE'                              (1): Section 2.2.1.
* 'UPPERCASE'                              (2): Section 7.4.3.
* '%use'                                   (1): Section 4.6.4.
* '%use'                                   (2): Chapter 5.
* '__USE_*__'                              (1): Section 4.12.8.
* 'USE16'                                  (1): Section 6.1.1.
* 'USE16'                                  (2): Section 7.4.1.
* 'USE32'                                  (1): Section 6.1.1.
* 'USE32'                                  (2): Section 7.4.1.
* 'user'                                   (1): Section 2.1.24.
* user-defined errors                      (1): Section 4.9.
* user-level assembler directives          (1): Section 4.12.
* user-level directives                    (1): Chapter 6.
* '__UTC_DATE__'                           (1): Section 4.12.7.
* '__UTC_DATE_NUM__'                       (1): Section 4.12.7.
* '__UTC_TIME__'                           (1): Section 4.12.7.
* '__UTC_TIME_NUM__'                       (1): Section 4.12.7.
* UTF-16                                   (1): Section 3.4.5.
* UTF-32                                   (1): Section 3.4.5.
* UTF-8                                    (1): Section 3.4.2.
* '__utf16__'                              (1): Section 3.4.5.
* '__utf16be__'                            (1): Section 3.4.5.
* '__utf16le__'                            (1): Section 3.4.5.
* '__utf32__'                              (1): Section 3.4.5.
* '__utf32be__'                            (1): Section 3.4.5.
* '__utf32le__'                            (1): Section 3.4.5.
* '--v'                                    (1): Section 2.1.25.
* '-v' option                              (1): Section 2.1.25.
* VAL                                      (1): Section 8.1.1.
* valid characters                         (1): Section 3.1.
* variable types                           (1): Section 2.2.3.
* version                                  (1): Section 2.1.25.
* version number of NASM                   (1): Section 4.12.1.
* 'vfollows='                              (1): Section 7.1.3.
* Visual C++                               (1): Section 7.5.
* 'vstart='                                (1): Section 7.1.3.
* '-W' option                              (1): Section 2.1.24.
* '-w' option                              (1): Section 2.1.24.
* '%warning'                               (1): Section 4.9.
* warnings                                 (1): Section 2.1.24.
* '[warning *warning-name]'                (1): Section 2.1.24.
* '[warning +warning-name]'                (1): Section 2.1.24.
* '[warning -warning-name]'                (1): Section 2.1.24.
* website                                  (1): Section 1.2.
* 'win64'                                  (1): Section 7.6.
* 'win64'                                  (2): Chapter 11.
* Win64                                    (1): Section 7.4.
* Win64                                    (2): Section 7.5.
* Win64                                    (3): Chapter 9.
* Windows                                  (1): Section 8.1.
* windows debugging formats                (1): Section 7.5.3.
* 'write'                                  (1): Section 7.9.2.
* writing operating systems                (1): Section 10.1.
* 'WRT'                                    (1): Section 3.6.
* 'WRT'                                    (2): Section 7.4.
* 'WRT'                                    (3): Section 7.8.2.
* 'WRT'                                    (4): Section 7.9.3.
* 'WRT'                                    (5): Section 7.9.4.
* 'WRT'                                    (6): Section 7.11.
* 'WRT ..got'                              (1): Section 9.2.3.
* 'WRT ..gotoff'                           (1): Section 9.2.2.
* 'WRT ..gotpc'                            (1): Section 9.2.1.
* 'WRT ..plt'                              (1): Section 9.2.5.
* 'WRT ..sym'                              (1): Section 9.2.4.
* 'www.cpan.org'                           (1): Section 1.3.1.
* 'www.delorie.com'                        (1): Section 8.1.1.
* 'www.pcorner.com'                        (1): Section 8.1.1.
* '-X' option                              (1): Section 2.1.13.
* 'x2ftp.oulu.fi'                          (1): Section 8.1.1.
* x32                                      (1): Section 7.9.
* '%xdefine'                               (1): Section 4.1.2.
* '-y' option                              (1): Section 2.1.26.
* '-Z' option                              (1): Section 2.1.14.

