XML Schema Part 1: Structures

XML Schema: Structures is part 1 of a two-part draft of the specification for the XML Schema definition language. This document proposes facilities for describing the structure and constraining the contents of XML 1.0 documents. The schema language, which is itself represented in XML 1.0, provides a superset of the capabilities found in XML 1.0 document type definitions (DTDs).

Status of this document

This is a W3C Working Draft for review by members of the W3C and other interested parties in the general public.

It has been reviewed by the XML Schema Working Group and the Working Group has agreed to its publication. Note that not that all sections of the draft represent the current consensus of the WG. Different sections of the specification may well command different levels of consensus in the WG. Public comments on this draft will be instrumental in the WG's deliberations.

Three major components of this document are marked below as out-of-date and/or under construction: major efforts by task forces from within the WG are still underway with respect to these, and their reports are linked from this draft. We felt it was important to present this work to the public, in keeping with our obligation to produce drafts for public inspection and comment on a regular basis, despite the "Under Construction" signs posted below.

Sections which are not the status quo, that is on which the working group has not yet reached consensus, are marked with an asterisk (*) at the end of the section title. But please note that all the facilities described herein are in a preliminary state of design. The Working Group anticipates substantial changes, both in the mechanisms described herein, and in additional functions yet to be described. The present version should not be implemented except as a check on the design and to allow experimentation with alternative designs. The Schema WG will not allow early implementation to constrain its ability to make changes to this specification prior to final release.

A list of current W3C working drafts can be found at http://www.w3.org/TR/. They may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use W3C Working Drafts as reference material or to cite them as other than "work in progress".

Appendices

2 Conceptual Framework

This specification uses a number of terms that are common to many of the fields of endeavor that have influenced the development of XML Schema. Unfortunately, it is often the case that these terms do not have the same definitions in all of those fields. This section attempts to provide definitions of terms as they are used to describe the conceptual framework, and the remainder of the specification.

2.1 Kinds of XML Documents

Since XML schemas are themselves specified as XML documents or elements within documents, it is useful to clarify the relationships between certain kinds of XML documents and elements:

[Definition:] Instance: An XML element information item which conforms to some schema. See [XML-Infoset] for a discussion of information items: in brief, [Definition:] an element information item is the component of an infoset which corresponds to an element. From it other information items are accessible, including attributes, namespace declaration and content. See Associating Instance Document Constructs with Corresponding Schemas (§4.2.5) and Schema Validity * (§6.1) for the means by which an instance identifies the schema(s) to which it conforms. Note we will often speak loosely about an (XML) instance document, but this is just shorthand for element information item associated with the document element of an XML document. Similarly, we will often speak of elements when we mean element information item.
[Definition:] XML Schema: An XML element information item which, along with its descendants, satisfies all the Constraints on Schemas in this specification. An XML Schema establishes a set of rules for constraining the structure and articulating the information set of XML document instances.

Note that it is possible to specify a schema to which schemas themselves must conform, and this is given in (normative) Schema for Schemas * (§A). An XML 1.0 DTD to which schemas must conform is also provided in (normative) DTD for Schemas * (§B).

Any schema is ipso facto an element information item. It follows that the rules specified herein for validity apply to all of the following kinds of XML element information items:

Elements that are not schemas;
Schemas applicable to documents that are not schemas;
The schema applicable to schemas.

Likewise, rules for schemas in general apply to the particular schema for schemas, which is an instance conforming to itself.

2.2 On schemas, constraints and contributions

The [XML] specification describes two kinds of constraints on XML documents: well-formedness and validity constraints. Informally, the well-formedness constraints are those imposed by the definition of XML itself (such as the rules for the use of the < and > characters and the rules for proper nesting of elements), while validity constraints are the further constraints on document structure provided by a particular DTD.

Three kinds of normative statements about the impact of XML Schema: Structures components on instances are distinguished in this specification:

[Definition:] Constraint on Schemas: Constraints on the form and content of schemas themselves, above and beyond those expressed in (normative) Schema for Schemas * (§A);
[Definition:] Schema-Validity Constraint: Constraints on the form and content of instances, which the instances must satisfy to be schema-valid;
[Definition:] Schema Information Set Contribution: Augmentations to instance information sets which follow as a consequence of schema-validation.

NOTE: Schema Information Set Contributions are not as new as might at first appear: XML 1.0 validation augments the XML 1.0 information set in similar ways, e.g. by providing values for attributes not present in instances, and by implicitly exploiting type information for normalization or access, e.g. consider the effect of NMTOKENS on attribute whitespace, and the semantics of ID and IDREF. By including Schema Information Set Contributions, we are trying to make explicit something XML 1.0 left implicit.

XML Schema: Structures not only reconstructs the DTD constraints of XML 1.0 using XML instance syntax, it also adds the ability to define new kinds of constraints. For example, although the author of an XML 1.0 DTD may declare an element type as containing character data, elements, or mixed content, there is no mechanism with which to constrain the contents of elements to only character data of a particular form, such as only integers in a specified range.

This specification supports the expression of just such constraints by including in the mechanism for the declaration of elements the option of specifying that its contents must consist of a valid string expression of a particular datatype. A number of other mechanisms are added which improve the expressive power, usability and maintainability of schemas as a means to defining the structure of XML documents.

2.3 Schemas, Types and Elements

The purpose of a schema is to identify a set of components for use in XML documents and to provide the rules for their correct combination.

The schema language is itself a set of elements and attributes. We will describe these, and show how they are used. But first, a quick example of an XML document.

Example

<?xml version='1.0'?>
<PurchaseOrder orderDate="1999-05-20">
    <shipTo type="US">
        <name>Alice Smith</name>
        <street>123 Maple Street</street>
        <city>Mill Valley</city>
        <state>CA</state>
        <zip>90952</zip>
    </shipTo>
    <shipDate>1999-05-25</shipDate>
    <comment>Get these things to me in a hurry, my lawn is going wild!</comment>
    <Items>
        <Item pno="333-333">
            <productName>Lawnmower, model BUZZ-1</productName>
            <quantity>1</quantity>
            <price>148.95</price>
            <comment>Please confirm this is the electric model</comment>
        </Item>
        <Item pno="444-444">
            <productName>Baby Monitor, model SNOOZE-2</productName>
            <quantity>1</quantity>
            <price>39.98</price>
        </Item>
    </Items>
</PurchaseOrder>

The purchase order consists of a main element with several subordinate elements. Most of the subelements have simple atomic types such as string or date, drawn from the repertoire of built-in datatypes defined in [XML Schemas: Datatypes], but some are complex. We use the archetype element when declaring elements which allow elements in their content and/or may carry attributes. For example, we can define an archetype called Address as follows:

Example
<archetype name="Address" >
    <element name="name"   type="string" />
    <element name="street" type="string" />
    <element name="city"   type="string" />
    <element name="state"  type="string" />
    <element name="zip"    type="number" />
    <attribute name="type" type="string" />
</archetype>
The consequence of this definition is that an element whose type is declared to be Address must consist of five elements and may have one attribute. Though each has a distinct name, four of the elements and the attribute will simply contain a string in a document instance while one will contain a number.

If we're going to use the same element in a number of places, we can declare it once and refer to it by name elsewhere:

Example
<element name="comment" type="string" />
This declaration restricts the comment element to text content and no attributes.

We can define a PurchaseOrderType for our PurchaseOrder element, referring to the definitions of Address and comment as above, as:

Example
<archetype name="PurchaseOrderType">
    <element name="shipTo"    type="Address" />
    <element name="shipDate"  type="date" />
    <element ref="comment" minOccurs='0' />
    <element name="Items"     type="Items" />
    <attribute name="orderDate" type="date" />
</archetype>
The shipDate element daughter of PurchaseOrderType is declared above as having an atomic type, as in the Address example above. The comment daughter is declared by reference to a global element declaration. Similarly, the shipTo and Items daughters are declared as having complex types which must be defined elsewhere in the current schema. The comment daughter and the orderDate attribute are optional, the others are obligatory.

Issue (type-decl-syntax): Further integration of the concrete syntax for type definitions is desireable, e.g. by using 'type' for both archetypes and and datatypes, but the details of a consistent and clear way to do this have not yet been agreed.

Since an element declaration's type can identify either a datatype or an archetype, and there are separate symbol spaces for these two, the possibility of ambiguity arises. This is resolved in favour of the archetype, e.g. even if a datatype called Address existed (either builtin or user-defined), the above declaration for shipTo would refer to the user-defined archetype of that name.

Issue (note-two-sses): The separation of the datatype and archetype name symbol spaces is primarily motivated by the decision to allow unqualified reference to the ab initio and built-in datatypes. Should this decision be reversed, as was suggested in the report of the simplification Task Force, then the unification of the two symbol spaces could proceed with minimal negative impact. The potential for error which arises from unexpected shadowing of an old datatype by a new archetype would be removed.

[Definition:] A definition creates a new archetype or datatype; [Definition:] a declaration enables the appearance in a document instance of an element or attribute with a specific name and type. In the schema, we see both the definition of several types, and also several elements and attributes declared as usages of these types. For example, Address is defined to be an archetype, while within the definition of Address we see five declarations of elements and one attribute declaration. These declarations are not themselves types, but rather an association between a name and constraints which govern the appearance of that name in documents governed by the containing schema.

In the case of attribute declarations, the constraints are on the allowed value, always by reference to a datatype:

Example

<attribute name="orderDate" type="date" />

In the case of element declarations, the constraints are on the allowed content and attributes, by reference to an archetype or a datatype (in which case no attributes are allowed):

Example
<element name="shipTo" type="Address" />
<element name="comment" type="string" />
Because Address is defined in the schema to have certain elements as its content and to allow a certain attribute, any shipTo element appearing in an instance must include those elements and may have that attribute, while any comment element may not have any attributes, but any text content.

As well as naming a datatype or archetype in an attribute or element declaration, we can embed the type definition immediately within the element declaration:

Example
<archetype name='Items'>
 <element name='Item' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='*'>
  <archetype>
   <element name='productName' type='string' />
   <element name='quantity' type='integer'>
    <minExclusive>0</minExclusive>
   </element>
   <element name='price' type='number' />
   <element ref='comment' minOccurs='0' />
  </archetype>
 </element>
</archetype>
Here not only is the archetype of the Item element given in line, but also the datatype referenced by its quantity daughter (the built-in integer datatype) is also qualified inline by adding a subrange constraint.

Taken together the examples above constitute a complete schema for the initial PurchaseOrder example instance. They are drawn together in a single complete schema in Sample Schema (non-normative) * (§G).

2.4 Schemas and their component parts

The next chapter Schema Definitions and Declarations (§3) sets out the XML Schema: Structures approach to schemas and formal definitions of their component parts. Here we informally summarize the key constructs used in defining schemas. A 'Yes' in the 'Name apears in instances?' column indicates that the name will appear in instances -- other names are for schema use only.

XML Schema: Structures Feature	Purpose	Named?	Name appears in instances?
The Schema (§3.1)	A wrapper element containing all the definitions and declarations comprising a schema.	Yes	No
Datatype Definition (§3.4.1)	An atomic type (content constraint), such as 'integer', that applies to character data in an instance document, whether it appears as an attribute value or the contents of an element. The mechanisms for defining datatypes are set out elsewhere, in XML Schemas: Datatypes.	Yes	No
Archetype Definition (§3.4.2)	A complete set of constraints for elements in instance documents, applying to both contents and attributes.	Yes	No
Element Declaration (§3.4.9)	An association between a name for an element and a type. An element declaration for 'A' is comparable to a DTD declaration `<!ELEMENT A .....>`.	Yes (local or global)	Yes
Attribute Declaration (§3.4.3)	An association between a name for an attribute and a datatype, together with occurrence constraints such as 'required' or 'default'. The association is local to its surrounding archetype.	Yes (local)	Yes
Content type	Either a datatype or a content model. A content type applies to the contents of elements in an instance document (but not their attribute values). It provides a unifying abstraction for the constraints which apply to the contents of elements, but introduces no additional features.	No	No
Element Content Model (§3.4.5)	A constraint that applies to the contents of elements in an instance document. Content models do not include attribute declarations.	No	No
Rich Content Models (§3.4.6)	Components for constructing content models which allow only element content. Includes facilities for grouping and sequencing, as well as for declaration of and reference to elements.	No (but see below)	No
Attribute Group Definition * (§3.4.4)	An association between a name and a reusable collection of attribute declarations.	Yes	No
Named Model Group * (§3.4.8)	Model groups are part of the content model building block abstraction, but are unnamed and cannot be referenced for reuse. A named model group is an association between a name and a model group, allowing for reuse.	Yes	No
Archetype Refinement * (§3.5)	One archetype may be defined as refining one or more other archetypes, acquiring content type and/or attributes therefrom.	Yes	No
Schema Import (§4.2.2)	Extends the current schema with definitions and/or declarations from elsewhere, retaining the association with their origin.	No	No
Schema Inclusion (§4.2.4)	Integrates definitions and/or declarations from elsewhere into the schema being defined, as if they had been defined locally.	No	No

2.5 Names and Symbol Spaces

As indicated in the third column of the tables above, most of the components listed have names, which provide for references within the schema, and sometimes from one schema to another. For example, an attribute declaration can refer to a named datatype, such as 'integer'. A content model can refer to an element, and so on.

If all such names were assigned from the same 'pool', then it would be impossible to have e.g. a datatype named 'integer' and an element with the name 'integer' in the same schema. [Definition:] Accordingly we introduce the idea of a symbol space (avoiding 'name space' to avoid confusion with 'Namespaces in XML' [XML-Namespaces]).

There is a single distinct symbol space within a given schema for each of the abstractions named above other than 'Attribute' and 'element': within a given symbol space, names are unique, but the same name may appear in more than one symbol space without conflict. In particular note that the same name can refer to both a type and an element, without conflict or necessary relation between the two.

Attributes and local element declarations are special, in that every archetype defines its own attribute symbol space and local element symbol space, which are distinct from each other. In addition, top-level elements (whose declarations are not contained within an archetype definition) reside in their own symbol space.

2.6 Abstract and Concrete Syntax

XML Schema: Structures is presented here primarily in the form of an [Definition:] abstract syntax, which provides a formal specification of the information provided for each declaration and definition in the schema language. The abstract syntax is presented using a simplified BNF. Defined terms are to the left. Their components are to the right, with a small amount of meta-syntax: ()s for grouping, | to separate alternatives, ? for optionality, * and + for iteration. Terms in italics are primitives, not expanded here, either because they are defined elsewhere (e.g. URI, defined by [URI]) or because they can only be grounded once a concrete syntax is decided on (e.g. choice).

An abstract syntax production prefixed with a number in brackets (e.g. [3]) is normative; other abstract syntax is either for purposes of explanation, or is a duplicate (for convenience) of a normative definition to be found elsewhere.

The abstract syntax illustrates the expressive power of the language, and the relationships among its component parts. The abstract syntax can be used to evaluate the expressive power of XML Schema: Structures, but not its look and feel. In particular, please note that neither ordering within or between productions or choice of names is significant, and that any particular concrete syntax is not constrained by these.

The [Definition:] concrete syntax of XML Schema: Structures, the exact element and attribute names used in a schema, are a key feature of its proposed design. The concrete syntax is the form in which the schema language is used by schema authors. Though its elements and attributes are often different from the terms of the abstract syntax BNF, the features and expressive power of the two are congruent. The concrete syntax profoundly affects the convenience and usability of the schema language.

We include a preliminary concrete syntax in this draft, via examples, paradigms and in (normative) Schema for Schemas * (§A) and (normative) DTD for Schemas * (§B). Unlike the previous version, in which the intention was to stay quite close to the abstract syntax, in this version we have begun to take convenience and clarity into account.

3 Schema Definitions and Declarations

The principal purpose of XML Schema: Structures is to provide a means for defining schemas that constrain the contents of instances and augment the information sets thereof.

3.1 The Schema

A schema contains some preamble information and a set of definitions and declarations.

Schema top level

`[1]`	`schema`	`::=`	`preamble dds*`
`[2]`	`dds`	`::=`	`datatypeDefn \| archetypeDefn \| elementDecl \| attrGroupDefn \| modelGroupDefn \| notationDecl \| entityDecl`
`[3]`	`preamble`	`::=`	`xmlSchemaRef targetNamespace schemaVersion model export? import? include?`
`[4]`	`xmlSchemaRef`	`::=`	`URI`
`[5]`	`targetNamespace`	`::=`	`URI`
`[6]`	`schemaVersion`	`::=`	`string-value`
`[7]`	`model`	`::=`	`open \| refinable \| closed`

preamble consists of an xmlSchemaRef specifying the URI for XML Schema: Structures; the targetNamespace specifying the URI of the namespace which this schema is about; and a schemaVersion specification for private version documentation purposes and version management.

See Schema Composition and Namespaces * (§4) for discussion of schemas, instances and namespaces.

Ed. Note: The whole matter of instance/schema connections is still under discussion: the WG has not reached consensus in this area. The referenced section does give some indication of where our thinking in this area is going.

<-- Category: top-level --><comment> <-- Content: text --> </comment>

Example

<!DOCTYPE schema
          PUBLIC '-//W3C//DTD XML Schema Version 1.0//EN'
          SYSTEM 'http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-xmlschema-1-19991105/structures.dtd' >

<schema targetNS='http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core'
        version='M.n'
        xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/XMLSchema'>

  ...

</schema>

Note that the abstract syntax xmlSchemaRef is realised via a default namespace declaration in the concrete syntax.

Although the schema above is a complete XML document, schema need not be the document element, but can appear within other documents. Indeed there is no requirement that a schema be derived from a (text) document at all: it could be built 'by hand' via e.g. a DOM-conformant API.

The schema's model property is discussed in Archetype Refinement * (§3.5). The schema's export, import and include properties are discussed in Schema Composition and Namespaces * (§4).

The schema's declarations and definitions, discussed in detail in Schema Definitions and Declarations (§3), provide for the creation of new schema components:

Summary of Definitions and Declarations

`datatypeDefn`	`::=`	`NCName datatypeSpec`
`archetypeDefn`	`::=`	`NCName archetypeSpec`
`elementDecl`	`::=`	`NCName elementSpec`
`modelGroupDefn`	`::=`	`NCName modelGroupSpec`
`attrGroupDefn`	`::=`	`NCName attrGroupSpec`
`entityDecl`	`::=`	`NCName entitySpec`
`notationDecl`	`::=`	`NCName notationSpec`

Example
The following illustrates the basic model for declaring or defining all XML Schema: Structures components:
 <datatype name='myDatatype'>
  ...
 </datatype>

 <archetype name='myType'>
  ...
 </archetype>

 <element name='myElement'>
  ...
 </element>

 <attrGroup name='myAttrGroup'>
  ...
 </attrGroup>

 <group name='myModelGroup'>
  ...
 </group>

 <notation name='myNotation' ... />

 <textEntity name='myTextEntity'>
  ...
 </textEntity>

 <externalEntity name='myExternalEntity' ... />

 <unparsedEntity name='myUnparsedEntity' ... />

</schema>
When creating a component, we establish an association between its name and the specification for that component. Each new component therefore creates a new entry in the symbol space for that kind of component.

The Unique Definition (§6.2.1) Constraint on Schemas obtains.

Issue (no-evolution): This draft does not deal with the requirement "for addressing the evolution of schemata" (see [XML Schema Requirements]).

3.2 The Document and its Root

NOTE: We have not so far seen any need to reconstruct the XML 1.0 notion of root. For the connection from document instances to schemas, see Associating Instance Document Constructs with Corresponding Schemas (§4.2.5) and Schema Validity * (§6.1).

3.3 References to Schema Constructs

Uniform means are provided for reference to a broad variety of schema constructs, both within a single schema and to features imported (Schema Import (§4.2.2)) from external schemas. The name used to reference any component of XML Schema: Structures from within a schema consists of an NCName and an optional schemaRef, a reference to an external schema. In a few cases, some qualification may be added to a reference: this is made clear as the individual reference forms are introduced below.

Example: Component Names and References

`[8]`	`schemaRef`	`::=`	`(schemaAbbrev \| schemaName)`
`[9]`	`schemaAbbrev`	`::=`	`NCName`
`[10]`	`schemaName`	`::=`	`URI`
	`typeRef`	`::=`	`archetypeRef \| datatypeRef`
	`datatypeRef`	`::=`	`datatypeName datatypeQual`
	`datatypeName`	`::=`	`NCName schemaRef?`
	`archetypeRef`	`::=`	`typeName`
	`archetypeName`	`::=`	`NCName schemaRef?`
	`elementRef`	`::=`	`elementName`
	`elementName`	`::=`	`NCName schemaRef?`
	`attrGroupRef`	`::=`	`attrGroupName attrGroupQual`
	`attrGroupName`	`::=`	`NCName schemaRef?`
	`modelGroupRef`	`::=`	`modelGroupName`
	`modelGroupName`	`::=`	`NCName schemaRef?`
	`entityRef`	`::=`	`entityName`
	`entityName`	`::=`	`NCName schemaRef?`
	`notationRef`	`::=`	`notationName`
	`notationName`	`::=`	`NCName schemaRef?`

The abstract syntax above characterizes the reference mechanisms used in this specification.

Example
<element name='elem1' type='Address'/>

<element name='elem2' type='BLOCKQUOTE' schemaAbbrev='XHTML'/>

<attribute name='attr1'
              type='quantity' schemaName='http://www.w3.org/xsl.xsd'/>
The first of these is a local reference, the other two refer to schemas elsewhere. The BLOCKQUOTE example assumes the schemaAbbrev XHTML has been declared for import; the template example similarly assumes that the given (imaginary as of this writing) URL has been declared for import. See Schema Import (§4.2.2) for a discussion of importing.

The Consistent Import (§6.2.2) Constraint on Schemas obtains.

The One Reference Only (§6.2.2) Constraint on Schemas obtains.

The identify definition wrt schema-validity obtains.

The Preorder Priority for Included Definitions (§6.2.7) Constraint on Schemas also obtains.

3.4 Types, Elements and Attributes

Like XML 1.0 DTDs, XML Schema: Structures provides facilities for constraining the contents of elements and the values of attributes, and for augmenting the information set of instances, e.g. with defaulted values and type information. [Definition:] We refer hereafter to the combination of schema constraints and information set contributions with the abbreviation SC. Compared to DTDs, XML Schema: Structures provides for a richer set of SCs, and improved capabilities for sharing SCs across sets of elements and attributes.

3.4.1 Datatype Definition

We start with [Definition:] the simple datatypes whose expression in XML documents consists entirely of character data. As in the current draft of XML Schemas: Datatypes, wherever we speak of datatypes in this draft, we shall mean these simple datatypes.

Datatypes

`[11]`	`datatypeDefn`	`::=`	`NCName datatypeSpec`
`[12]`	`datatypeSpec`	`::=`	`[defined by XML Schemas: Datatypes] exportControl?`
`[13]`	`datatypeQual`	`::=`	`specialize? valueConstraint?`
`[14]`	`specialize`	`::=`	`facet+`
`[15]`	`facet`	`::=`	`is defined by XML Schemas: Datatypes. It might be a range restriction, length constraint, etc.`
`[16]`	`valueConstraint`	`::=`	`default \| fixed`
`[17]`	`datatypeRef`	`::=`	`datatypeName datatypeQual`
`[18]`	`datatypeName`	`::=`	`NCName schemaRef?`
	`schemaRef`	`::=`	`(schemaAbbrev \| schemaName)`
	`schemaAbbrev`	`::=`	`NCName`
	`schemaName`	`::=`	`URI`

XML Schema: Structures incorporates the datatype specification mechanisms defined by [XML Schemas: Datatypes] in order to express SCs on attribute values and the contents of elements consisting entirely of character data.

The production for datatypeSpec above serves to indicate where this chapter connects with XML Schemas: Datatypes. exportControl is defined in Exporting Schema Constructs (§4.2.1). The concrete syntax displayed below is copied from [XML Schemas: Datatypes]. Most of the elements are for specifying facets: they are all optional and may appear in any order after the basetype element.

The other productions provide for using datatypes once they have been defined, see below under contentType and attribute.

We assume that it is appropriate to allow for some local specialization of datatypes at the point of use, and provide for that here (specialize).

As explained in References to Schema Constructs (§3.3), a schemaRef, if included, allows for the referenced definition to be located in some other schema.

<-- Category: datatype --><basetype name = NMTOKEN schemaAbbrev = NMTOKEN schemaName = CDATA />

<-- Category: datatype --><minExclusive> <-- Content: text --> </minExclusive>

<-- Category: datatype --><minInclusive> <-- Content: text --> </minInclusive>

<-- Category: datatype --><maxExclusive> <-- Content: text --> </maxExclusive>

<-- Category: datatype --><maxInclusive> <-- Content: text --> </maxInclusive>

<-- Category: other --><minAbsoluteValue> <-- Content: text --> </minAbsoluteValue>

<-- Category: datatype --><maxAbsoluteValue> <-- Content: text --> </maxAbsoluteValue>

<-- Category: datatype --><encoding> <-- Content: text --> </encoding>

<-- Category: datatype --><enumeration> <-- Content: literal+ --> </enumeration>

<-- Category: datatype --><literal> <-- Content: text --> </literal>

<-- Category: datatype --><length> <-- Content: text --> </length>

<-- Category: datatype --><maxLength> <-- Content: text --> </maxLength>

<-- Category: datatype --><pattern> <-- Content: lexical+ --> </pattern>

<-- Category: datatype --><lexical> <-- Content: text --> </lexical>

<-- Category: datatype --><period> <-- Content: text --> </period>

<-- Category: datatype --><precision> <-- Content: text --> </precision>

<-- Category: datatype --><scale> <-- Content: text --> </scale>

Example
<datatype name='posInt'>
 <basetype name='integer'/>
 <minExclusive>0</minExclusive>
</datatype>

<attribute name='foo' type='posInt'/>

<attribute name='baz' type='integer'/>

<attribute name='fontSize' type='quantity'
           schemaName='http://www.w3.org/xsl.xsd'
           fixed='12pt'/>
The first attribute example references the definition above it. The second references a datatype pre-defined by XML Schemas: Datatypes. The third references a datatype in an (imaginary) XSL schema and fixes its value.

NOTE: See previous note on the type definition issue.

The satisfy-dt definition wrt schema-validity obtains.

The Datatype Info (§6.2.3.1) Schema Information Set Contribution obtains.

3.4.2 Archetype Definition

[Definition:] Archetype specifications gather together all SCs pertinent to elements in instance documents, their attributes and their contents. They are called archetypes because there may be more than one element declaration that shares the same SCs (see Element Declaration (§3.4.9)), and which therefore can be constrained by a common archetype.

Archetypes

`[19]`	`archetypeDefn`	`::=`	`NCName archetypeSpec`
`[20]`	`archetypeSpec`	`::=`	`refinement* contentType ( attribute \| attrGroupRef )* model exportControl`
`[21]`	`contentType`	`::=`	`datatypeRef \| contentModel \| modelGroupRef`
	`model`	`::=`	`open \| refinable \| closed`
`[22]`	`archetypeRef`	`::=`	`archetypeName`
`[23]`	`archetypeName`	`::=`	`NCName schemaRef?`
`[24]`	`refinement`	`::=`	`typeRef`

The first three productions above provide the basic structure of the specification, and the last two provide for reference to the things specified. But note that the name of an archetype is not ipso facto the name of elements whose appearance in instances will be associated with the SCs of that archetype. The connection between an element name and an archetype is made by an elementDecl, see below.

Alongside Attribute Declaration (§3.4.3) for permitted attributes, SCs for contents are specified in an archetype (contentType). For elements which may contain only character data, this is by reference to a Datatype Definition (§3.4.1). Note that doing this by way of datatypeRef allows for specialization and even defaulting in a manner similar to attribute values. For other kinds of elements, an Element Content Model (§3.4.5) is required.

Issue (elt-default): The extension of defaulting to element content is tentative.

<-- Category: archetype --><refines name = NMTOKEN schemaAbbrev = NMTOKEN schemaName = CDATA />

Example
<archetype name='length1' type='number'/>
 <minInclusive>0</minInclusive>
 <attribute name='unit' type='NMTOKEN'/>
</archetype>

<element name='width' type='length1'/>

  <width unit='cm'>2.54</width>

<archetype name='length2'>
 <element name='size' type='number'>
  <minInclusive>0</minInclusive>
 </element>
 <element name='unit' type='NMTOKEN'/>
</archetype>

<element name='depth' type='length2'/>

  <depth>
   <size>2.54</size><unit>cm</unit>
  </depth>
Two approaches to defining an archetype for length: one with character data content constrained by a qualified reference to a built-in datatype, and one attribute, the other using two elements.

The way in which the concrete syntax defined and illustrated above realises the abstract syntax is not straightforward, because it is optimised to make simple cases simple. The datatypeQual option is allowed only if a type attribute is present. Similarly, the schemaName or schemaAbbrev, the default and the fixed attributes are allowed only if a type attribute is present. Finally, if a type attribute is present, it must reference a datatype, and the content attribute must be textOnly (or absent, in which case it defaults to textOnly). This is to handle the main alternation in the abstract syntax for contentType, which allows either (possibly locally qualified) reference to a datatype or a content model.

NOTE: See previous note on the type definition issue.

The AttrGroup Unique (§6.2.3.2) Constraint on Schemas obtains.

The AttrGroup Identified (§6.2.3.2) Constraint on Schemas obtains.

The attr-decl-set definition wrt schema-validity obtains.

The attr-fullname definition wrt schema-validity obtains.

The Attribute Locally Unique (§6.2.3.2) Constraint on Schemas obtains.

The satisfy-as definition wrt schema-validity obtains.

The Archetype Info (§6.2.3.2) Schema Information Set Contribution obtains.

3.4.3 Attribute Declaration

Attribute declarations associate a name (which will appear as an attribute in start tags in instances) with SCs for the presence and value thereof.

Attributes

`[25]`	`attribute`	`::=`	`NCName datatypeRef? required exportControl`
	`datatypeRef`	`::=`	`datatypeName datatypeQual`
	`datatypeQual`	`::=`	`specialize? valueConstraint?`
	`valueConstraint`	`::=`	`default \| fixed`
	`datatypeName`	`::=`	`NCName schemaRef?`
	`schemaRef`	`::=`	`(schemaAbbrev \| schemaName)`

NOTE: The datatypeRef productions are repeated here for easy reference.

Attribute declarations provide for:

Requiring instances to have attributes;
Constraining attribute values to express a datatype.

Example
<attribute name='myAttribute'/>

<attribute name='anotherAttribute' type='integer' default='42'>
 <minExclusive>0</minExclusive>
</attribute>

<attribute name='yetAnotherAttribute' type='integer' minOccurs='1'/>

<attribute name='stillAnotherAttribute' type='string' fixed='Hello world!'/>
Four attributes are declared: one with no explicit SCs at all; two declared by reference to a built-in datatype, one with a default and a subrange qualification and one required to be present in instances; and one with a fixed value.

The maxOccurs attribute is FIXED at 1 for all attributes. Consistent with this, minOccurs can only be 0 or 1.

When attribute declarations are used in an archetype specification, each archetype provides its own symbol space for attribute names. E.g. an attribute named title within one archetype need not have the same datatypeRef as one declared within another archetype.

The attr-satisfy definition wrt schema-validity obtains.

Issue (default-attr-datatype): What is the default attribute datatypeSpec?

The satisfy-attrs definition wrt schema-validity obtains.

The Attribute Value Default (§6.2.3.3) Schema Information Set Contribution obtains.

Issue (namespace-declare): We've got a problem with namespace declarations: they're not attributes at the infoset level, so they can appear without compromising validity, except if there is a fixed or required declaration, and defaults should have the apparently desired effect. I.e., if a schema declares an attribute whose name is xmlns with a default or fixed value, does it change the infoset? Or if we allow QNames as such to be declared, xmlns:foo.

3.4.4 Attribute Group Definition *

XML Schema: Structures can name a group of attributes so that they may be incorporated as a whole into archetype definitions:

Attribute groups

`[26]`	`attrGroupDefn`	`::=`	`NCName attrGroupSpec`
`[27]`	`attrGroupSpec`	`::=`	`attribute* exportControl`
`[28]`	`attrGroupRef`	`::=`	`attrGroupName attrGroupQual`
`[29]`	`attrGroupName`	`::=`	`NCName schemaRef?`
`[30]`	`attrGroupQual`	`::=`	`attribute`

Attribute group definitions provide a construct to replace some uses of parameter entities.

<-- Category: top-level --><attrGroup export = "true" | "false" name = NMTOKEN> <-- Content: (attrGroupRef | attribute)+ --> </attrGroup>

<-- Category: archetype --><attrGroupRef name = NMTOKEN schemaAbbrev = NMTOKEN schemaName = CDATA />

Example
<attrGroup name='myAttrGroup'>
    <attribute .../>
    ...
</attrGroup>

<archetype name='myelement' content='empty'>
    <attrGroupRef name='myAttrGroup'/>
</archetype>
Define and refer to an attribute group. The effect is as if the attribute declarations in the group were present in the archetype definition.

Ed. Note: There needs to be a Constraint on Schema which constrains the attributes which appear with an attrGroupRef: the name is the same as one of the attributes in the group, datatype and defaulting preserves substitutability, etc.

Ed. Note: There needs to be some discussion of what happens in case of name conflict between attrs as a result of an attr group ref.

3.4.5 Element Content Model

When content of elements is not constrained by reference to a datatype (Datatype Definition (§3.4.1)), it can have any, empty, element-only or mixed content. In the latter cases, the form of the content is specified in more detail.

Content model

[31] contentModel ::= any | empty | richModel

A content model constrains the element content of an archetype specification: it says nothing about attributes.

Content models do not have names, but appear as a part of the definition of an archetype, which does have a name. Model groups can be named and used by name, see below.

The satisfy-cm definition wrt schema-validity obtains.

3.4.6 Rich Content Models

A content model identified with only an elemModel specifies child elements only. If the mixed qualifier is present, text may occur as well as elements. In either case the content model consists of a simple grammar governing the allowed types of child elements and the order in which they must appear.

Rich content model

`[32]`	`richModel`	`::=`	`elemModel mixed?`
`[33]`	`elemModel`	`::=`	`allGroup \| modelElt`
`[34]`	`modelElt`	`::=`	`occurs ( group \| element \| archetypeRef )`
`[35]`	`occurs`	`::=`	`minOccurs maxOccurs`
`[36]`	`group`	`::=`	`modelGroupRef \| anonModelGroup`
`[37]`	`element`	`::=`	`elementRef \| elementDecl`
`[38]`	`allGroup`	`::=`	`restrictedElt restrictedEltSeq`
`[39]`	`restrictedElt`	`::=`	`element \| archetypeRef`
`[40]`	`restrictedEltSeq`	`::=`	`restrictedElt restrictedEltSeq?`
`[41]`	`anonModelGroup`	`::=`	`compositor modelElt modelEltSeq`
`[42]`	`compositor`	`::=`	`sequence \| choice \| many`
`[43]`	`modelEltSeq`	`::=`	`modelElt modelEltSeq?`

Issue (namedTypeInModel): Symmetry suggests we might allow an archetypeDefn to appear in a content model, provided it's named.

The grammar for element-only content is built on model elements (modelElt above): elements, groups and archetype references. A model element provides for some number of occurrences in an instance of a single element (via elementRef or elementDecl), a group of elements (via anonModelGroup or modelGroupRef) or an archetype reference (via archetypeRef).

A group is two or more model elements plus a compositor. The compositor for a group specifies for a given group whether it provides for

a sequence of its model elements;
a choice between its model elements;
a set of its model elements which must appear in instances (this is the case for the implicit all compositor, which is associated with the allGroup production);
a repeated choice between its model elements.

These options reconstruct the XML 1.0 , connector, the XML 1.0 | connector, the SGML & connector and the repeated disjunction of XML 1.0's Mixed production respectively. In the first case (sequence) all the model elements must appear in the order given in the group; in the second case (choice), exactly one of the model elements must appear in the element content; in the third case (all), all the model elements, which are restricted in this case only to unqualified elements, must appear in the element content, but may appear in any order; in the fourth case (many), any number of the model elements may appear in any order. The all compositor may only appear as the top-level compositor of a content model.

The occurs specification governs how many times the instance material allowed by a modelElt may occur at that point in the grammar, but note that the components of a group whose compositor is (implicitly) 'all' may not be qualified, and therefore call for exactly one appearance of the element they identify.

See Element Declaration (§3.4.9) for further discussion and examples of the appearance of elementDecl as one of the two expansions of element above.

For the interpretation of archetypeRef in this context, see Archetype Refinement * (§3.5).

The satisfy-eo definition wrt schema-validity obtains.

The Element Consistency (§6.2.3.6) Constraint on Schemas obtains.

The Unambiguous Content Model (§6.2.3.6) Constraint on Schemas obtains.

Issue (still-unambig): Should this compatibility constraint be preserved?

3.4.7 Mixed Content

A content model which allows mixed content provides for mixing elements with character data in document instances. The same elemModel mechanism is used for specifying the grammar of the allowed elements, with the one change that the default for compositor is changed to many for elements and groups at the top level of the content model, ensuring that the default behaviour is the same as that of XML.

Example
<archetype content='mixed'>
 <element ref='name1'/>
 <element ref='name2'/>
 <element ref='name3'/>
</archetype>
Allows character data mixed with any number of name1, name2 and name3 elements.

Issue (noEmptyReqd): We need to make the elemModel rhs optional, to allow for mixed with no elements specified == our minimum commitment model. This in turn would allow us if we chose to get rid of an explicit empty flag: just specify elemOnly and no model.

We could then get rid of any as well, given other mechanisms for controlled openness we're contemplating.

The satisfy-mixed definition wrt schema-validity obtains.

3.4.8 Named Model Group *

This reconstructs another common use of parameter entities.

Named model groups

`[44]`	`modelGroupDefn`	`::=`	`NCName modelGroupSpec`
`[45]`	`modelGroupSpec`	`::=`	`( allGroup \| group \| element \| archetypeRef ) exportControl`
`[46]`	`modelGroupRef`	`::=`	`modelGroupName`
`[47]`	`modelGroupName`	`::=`	`NCName schemaRef?`

Groups defined with the allGroup option may only be referenced from a modelGroupRef which constitutes the only group at the top level of a content model.

Example

<group name='myModelGroup'>
 <element ref='myelement'/>
</group>

<element name='myelement'>
 <archetype>
  <group ref='myModelGroup'/>
  <attribute ...>. . .</attribute>
 </archetype>
</element>

<element name='anotherelement'>
 <archetype>
  <group order='choice'>
   <element ref='yetAnotherelement'/>
   <group ref='myModelGroup'/>
  </group>
  <attribute ...>. . .</attribute>
 </archetype>
</element>

A minimal model group is defined and used by reference, first as the whole content model, then as one alternative in a choice.

3.4.9 Element Declaration

An [Definition:] element declaration associates an element name with a type, either by reference or by incorporation.

Element declaration

`[48]`	`elementDecl`	`::=`	`NCName elementSpec`
`[49]`	`elementSpec`	`::=`	`( typeRef \| archetypeSpec \| datatypeSpec) exportControl global?`
`[50]`	`typeRef`	`::=`	`archetypeRef \| datatypeRef`
`[51]`	`elementRef`	`::=`	`elementName`
`[52]`	`elementName`	`::=`	`NCName schemaRef?`

An element declaration associates a name with a specification. This name will appear in tags in instance documents; the specification provides SCs on the form of elements tagged with the given name. An element declaration whose elementSpec is an archetypeSpec is comparable to an <!ELEMENT ...> declaration in an XML 1.0 DTD.

elementSpec not only allows for element declarations to associate a name with an archetypeSpec (by reference or inclusion), but also allows the reference or specification to be for a datatype, with the implication that no attributes are allowed in instances and the text-only content will be constrained appropriately.

elementRef and elementName provide for top-level element declarations to be referenced by name from content models.

As noted above element names are in a separate symbol space from the symbol spaces for the names of types, so there can (but need not be) an archetype or datatype with the same name as a top-level element.

In the case of ambiguity of type reference, that is when the typeRef option is used and there are both a datatype and an archetype of the referenced name in the relevant schema, the ambiguity is resolved in favour of the archetype.

NOTE: See previous note on the ambiguity issue.

The elt-fullname definition wrt schema-validity obtains.

An elementDecl may appear both at the top level of a schema and within a modelElt. See above (Rich Content Models (§3.4.6) and Mixed Content (§3.4.7)) for where this is allowed. This declares a locally-scoped association between an element name and a type. As with attribute names, locally-scoped element names reside in symbol spaces local to the archetype that defines them. Note however that archetype and datatype names are always top-level names within a schema, even when associated with locally-scoped element names.

NOTE: It is not yet clear whether a type defined implicitly by the appearance of a archetypeSpec or datatypeSpec directly within an elementSpec, or by the use of a typeRef which refers to a datatype, will have an implicit name, or if so what that name would be.

<-- Category: top-level --><element archRef = NMTOKEN default = CDATA export = "true" | "false" fixed = CDATA maxOccurs = CDATA minOccurs = "1" name = NMTOKEN ref = NMTOKEN schemaAbbrev = NMTOKEN schemaName = CDATA type = NMTOKEN> <-- Content: (archetype | datatype)? --> </element>

Example

<element name='myelement' type='myDatatype'/>

<element name='et0' type='myType'/>

<element ref='et1'/>

<element name='et1'>
 <archetype order='all'>
  <element . . . />
  . . .
  <attribute ...>. . .</attribute>
 </archetype>
</element>

<element name='et2'>
 <archetype content='any'/>
</element>

<element name='et3'>
 <archetype content='empty'>
  <attribute ...>. . .</attribute>
 </archetype>
</element>

<element name='et4'>
 <archetype order='choice'>
  <element . . . />
  . . .
  <attribute ...>. . .</attribute>
 </archetype>
</element>

<element name='et5'>
 <archetype order='seq'>
  <element . . . />
  . . .
  <attribute ...>. . .</attribute>
 </archetype>
</element>

<element name='et6'>
 <archetype model='open' content='mixed'/>
</element>

A pretty complete set of alternatives. Note the last one is intended to be equivalent to the idea sometimes called WFXML, for Well-Formed XML: it allows any content at all, whether defined in the current schema or not, and any attributes.

<element name='contextOne'>
 <archetype order='seq'>
  <element name='myLocalelement' type='myFirstType'/>
  <element ref='globalelement'/>
 </archetype>
</element>

<element name='contextTwo'
 <archetype order='seq'>
  <element name='myLocalelement' type='mySecondType'/>
  <element ref='globalelement'/>
 </archetype>
</element>

Instances of myLocalelement within contextOne will be constrained by myFirstType, while those within contextTwo will be constrained by mySecondType.

NOTE: The possibility that differing attribute declarations and/or content models would apply to elements with the same name in different contexts is an extension beyond the expressive power of a DTD in XML 1.0.

The Nested May Not Be Global (§6.2.3.7) Constraint on Schemas obtains.

The Cannot Shadow Global (§6.2.3.7) Constraint on Schemas obtains.

The satisfy-ed definition wrt schema-validity obtains.

The ind-valid definition wrt schema-validity obtains.

The satisfy-etr definition wrt schema-validity obtains.

3.5 Archetype Refinement *

NOTE: This chapter articulates what has only been hinted at above, namely a considerable increase in the power and expressiveness of schema declarations, by explaining what was provided for in the abstract syntax in the previous section, but not explained much if at all at that point.

We provide for the refinement of archetypes defined in a schema. An archetype definition may identify one or more other archetypes from which it specifies the creation of a (joint) refinement.

NOTE: The balance of this chapter has been withdrawn, pending further discussion in the WG. A Task Force created from within the WG has investigated a range of issues and options for implementing the desired functionality, as called for in the [XML Schema Requirements]. The Task Force has produced a report [Refinement TF Report], which will form the basis of a design to be filled in here.

3.5.1 Graveyard for stale syntax, here to avoid breaking IDREFs elsewhere *

[Definition:] an archetype AT1 is said to refine an archetype AT2 if and only if AT1 is declared to refine either AT2 or (recursively) some archetype that refines AT2. [Definition:] AT2 is then said to be an ancestor of AT1. [Definition:] The effective constraints are the union of the explicit and the acquired.

3.6 Entities and Notations *

Entities and notations

`[53]`	`entityDecl`	`::=`	`NCName entitySpec`
`[54]`	`entitySpec`	`::=`	`( textEntitySpec \| externalEntitySpec \| unparsedEntitySpec ) exportControl?`
`[55]`	`textEntitySpec`	`::=`	`string-value`
`[56]`	`externalEntitySpec`	`::=`	`systemID publicID? exportControl?`
`[57]`	`unparsedEntitySpec`	`::=`	`systemID notationRef publicID? exportControl?`
`[58]`	`entityRef`	`::=`	`entityName`
`[59]`	`entityName`	`::=`	`NCName schemaRef?`
`[60]`	`notationDecl`	`::=`	`NCName notationSpec`
`[61]`	`notationSpec`	`::=`	`systemID notationRef publicID? exportControl?`
`[62]`	`systemID`	`::=`	`URI`
`[63]`	`publicID`	`::=`	`see [XML]`
`[64]`	`notationRef`	`::=`	`notationName`
`[65]`	`notationName`	`::=`	`NCName schemaRef?`

3.6.1 Internal Parsed Entity Declaration *

Internal parsed entities are a feature of XML that enables reuse of text fragments by direct reference in an instance document.

In XML Schema: Structures documents, internal parsed entities are declared by using the textEntitySpec production.

<-- Category: top-level --><textEntity export = "true" | "false" name = NMTOKEN> <-- Content: text --> </textEntity>

Example
<textEntity name='flavor'>Fresh mint</textEntity'>
flavor can now be used in an entity reference in instances of the containing schema.

See Schema Validity * (§6.1) for SCs covering entities and entity references.

3.6.2 External Parsed Entity Declaration *

External parsed entities are a feature of XML that offers a method for including well-formed XML document fragments, including text and markup, by direct reference to the storage object of the parsed entity.

In schemas, external parsed entities are declared by using the externalEntitySpec production.

<-- Category: top-level --><externalEntity export = "true" | "false" name = NMTOKEN notation = "XML" public = CDATA system = CDATA />

Example
<externalEntity name='FrontMatter'
                system='FrontMatter.xml' />
<externalEntity name='Chapter1'
                system='chapter1.xml' />
<externalEntity name='Chapter2'
                system='Chapter2.xml' />
<externalEntity name='BackMatter'
                system='BackMatter.xml' />
These four external entities represent the supposed contents of a book:
<book>
  &FrontMatter;
  &Chapter1;
  &Chapter2;
  &BackMatter;
</book>
In an instance, the external entities take their familiar XML form. The processor expands the entities for their content.

Again, See Schema Validity * (§6.1) for SCs covering entities and entity references.

3.6.3 Unparsed Entity Declaration *

External unparsed entities are a feature of XML that offers a baroque method for including binary data by indirect reference to both the storage object and the the notation type of the unparsed entity. In schemas, external parsed entities may be declared by using the unparsedEntitySpec production.

<-- Category: top-level --><unparsedEntity export = "true" | "false" name = NMTOKEN notation = NMTOKEN public = CDATA system = CDATA />

Example
<unparsedEntity name='SKU-5782-pic'
                system='http://www.vendor.com/SKU-5782.jpg'
                notation='JPEG' />
<picture location='SKU-5782-pic'/>
The picture element carries an attribute which is (presumably) governed by the unparsed entity declaration.

The Attribute is Entity (§6.2.5) Schema Validity Constraint obtains.

Issue (unparsed-entity-gaps): There are lots of gaps and little problems in this design for unparsed entities.

3.6.4 Notation Declaration *

A notation may be declared by specifying a name and an identifier for the notation. A notation may be referenced by name in a schema as part of an external entity declaration.

<-- Category: top-level --><notation export = "true" | "false" name = NMTOKEN public = CDATA system = CDATA />

Example

<notation name='jpeg'
          public='image/jpeg' system='viewer.exe' />

<element name='picture>
 <archetype>
  <attribute name='entity' type='NOTATION'/>
 </archetype>
</element>

<picture entity='SKU-5782-pic'/>

The notation need not ever be mentioned in the instance document.

Issue (unparsed-entity-attributes): We need to synchronise with XML Schemas: Datatypes regarding how we declare attributes as unparsed entities!

6 Conformance -- OUT OF DATE *

Issue (error-behavior): This draft includes extensive discussion of conformance and validity checking, but rules for dealing with errors are missing. In future, we must distinguish errors from fatal errors, and clarify rules for dealing with both.

6.1 Schema Validity *

NOTE: This section is not up to date or in sync with the rest of the document, but is included here to avoid breaking huge numbers of references

We approach the definition of schema validity one step at a time. In the definitions below we deal primarily in terms of information sets, rather than the documents which give rise to them: see [XML-Infoset] for definitions of item, RUE and information set.) Please note that the formal definitions below are explicitly not couched in processing terms: they describe properties of an information set, but do not tell you how to check an information set to see if it has those properties.

First we have to get to the schema(s) involved. This is slightly tricky, as not all namespace declarations will resolve to schemas, and not everything that purports to be a schema will be one.

[Definition:] A URI is said to nominate a schema if it resolves to an element item in the information set of a well-formed XML 1.0 document whose local name is schema and whose namespace item's URI identifies either

this specification or one of its successors,
the XML Schema 1.0 DTD (or the equivalent DTD from a successor to this specification)

The XML Schema 1.0 schema (or the equivalent schema from a successor to this specification).

[Definition:] A URI is said to resolve successfully to a schema if it nominates a schema, and the element item it resolves to represents an XML schema, that is:

If it were the document element item of an information set corresponding to an XML document whose DOCTYPE identified the XML Schema 1.0 DTD (or the equivalent DTD from a successor to this specification) as its DTD, that document would be valid per XML 1.0;
it and its descendants satisfy all Constraints on Schemas stated in this specification.

[Definition:] An element item is schema-ready if the URI of any of its namespace declaration items which nominates a schema resolves successfully to a schema.

Issue (namespace-declaration-items): Namespace items associated with namespace declarations have disappeared from the most recent version [XML-Infoset]. Several WGs need them, we expect they'll be back, otherwise we can reconstruct what we need from element and attribute namespace items alone with some effort.

[Definition:] A document is schema-ready if every element item anywhere in its information set is schema-ready.

Note that this means that documents with no namespace declarations, or only namespace declarations which do not nominate schemas are none-the-less schema-ready.

[Definition:] We say an element item is schema-governed if its name is in a namespace, and the URI of the information item for that namespace resolves successfully to a schema.

[Definition:] We use the name schema root for any element item which is schema-governed and which is either

the document element

the daughter of an element which is not schema-governed.

The provision within XML Schema: Structures of a mechanism for defining parsed entities presents problems for the relationship between schema-validity and XML 1.0 well-formedness, since references to entities declared only in a schema are undefined from the XML 1.0 perspective. Strictly speaking, a well-formed XML document may contain references to undefined entities only if it is declared as standalone='no' and contains either an external subset or one or more references to external parameter entities in their internal subset. We get around this by [Definition:] defining a nearly well-formed XML document to be one which either is well-formed per XML 1.0, or which fails to be well-formed only because of undefined general entity references, but which would be well-formed if it were standalone='no' and identified an external subset. We consider this justified on the grounds that the use of a namespace declaration which refers to a schema functions rather as an external subset, and from the XML 1.0 perspective such a reference almost of necessity renders the document non-standalone when schema-validation is applied.

[Definition:] We use the name string-infoset-in-context for the XML 1.0 information set items arising from the interpretation of a string in the context of a particular point in an XML 1.0 information set.

[Definition:] The effective element item of an element item (call this OEI) is an element item whose

name and namespace items (if any) are the same as those of OEI;
attribute item names and namespace items (if any) are the same as those of OEI;
attribute value items are the respective value items of OEI's attribute items with the string-infoset-in-context of the declared expansion of every RUE in those values replacing those RUEs;
children based on the children of OEI as follows:
- Character, PI and comment child items carried over unchanged;
- Element child items replaced with their respective effective element items;
- RUE child items replaced by the string-infoset-in-context of their declared expansions, with any RUE or element item in that string-infoset-in-context itself being recursively replaced per this or the above definition respectively.

The Expansions Schema-Ready (§6.2.8) Schema Validity Constraint obtains.

The Ungoverned RUE (§6.2.8) Schema Validity Constraint obtains.

The RUE Entity Declared (§6.2.8) Schema Validity Constraint obtains.

Note that the above constraints and definition mean that in error-free documents, all element items, even ones which are not schema-governed, have well-defined effective element items.

[Definition:] A document is schema-valid if and only if:

It is nearly-well-formed;
It is schema-ready;
Every schema root element item in the set of element items consisting of the effective element item of the document element item in the document's information set and all the element items anywhere inside that effective element item, is independently valid.

NOTE: The validity of all other schema-governed element items follows from (3) above by the recursive nature of the Schema-validity Constraint referenced there.

NOTE: It is intentional that the above definition labels as schema-valid a document with no namespace declarations or with only namespace declarations which do not nominate schemas.

Note that there is no requirement that the schema root mentioned above be the root of its document, or that schemas be the roots of their documents, or that schema and schema root be in different documents. Accordingly, it is possible for a single schema-valid document to contain both a schema and the material which it validates.

The interaction between XML 1.0 DTDs and XML Schemas is complex but clear:

A document may be well-formed, (DTD) invalid and schema-valid all at the same time;
If document has a DTD which includes parsed entity declarations, the schema-validation process may well apply to material whose original home was in those entities (internal or external);
Where or not a document has a DTD, the (XML 1.0) infoset we're schema-validating may well include 'RUE items', that is, references to unknown entities, unknown, that is, as far as the definitions of XML 1.0 are concerned. As long as the document's schema provides declarations for these 'undefined' entities, it still may be schema-valid.

NOTE: The above is silent on whether schema-valid documents must be Namespace-conforming.

[Definition:] The augmented information set of a schema-valid document is the information set rooted in the effective element item of its document element, augmented by all the information items described in any Schema Information Set Contributions which apply to any information items anywhere within it.

6.2 Detailed validity constraints and definitions *

6.2.1 The Schema *

Constraint on Schemas: Unique Definition
The same NCName must not appear in two definitions or declarations of the same type.

6.2.2 References to Schema Constructs *

Constraint on Schemas: Consistent Import
A schemaAbbrev or schemaName in a schemaRef must be declared in an Schema Import (§4.2.2) of the current schema, and the NCName qualified by that schemaRef must be an import (Import Restrictions (§4.2.3)) of the appropriate type per that declaration.

Constraint on Schemas: One Reference Only
The concrete syntax uses schemaAbbrev and schemaName attributes to realise schemaName. It is an error for both these attributes to appear on the same element in a schema.

[Definition:] A ...Ref identifies a ...Spec provided there is a definition or declaration of that ...Spec in the appropriate schema whose NCName matches the NCName of the ...Ref's ...Name. If there is no schemaRef in the ...Name, the appropriate schema is the current schema or a schema it eventually includes; if there is a schemaRef, the URI contained in or abbreviated by it must resolve successfully to a schema, which is then the appropriate schema.

6.2.3 Types, Elements and Attributes *

6.2.3.1 Datatypes *

Constraint on Schemas: Avoid Built-ins
The NCName must not be the same as the name of any of the built-in datatypes (see [XML Schemas: Datatypes]).

[Definition:] A string (possibly empty) dt-satisfies a datatypeSpec and an optional datatypeQual if

The string is a valid instance of the datatype defined by that datatypeSpec, as specialized by the datatypeQual's specialize (if present) (see [XML Schemas: Datatypes] for a definition of when a string is a valid instance of a (possibly specialized) datatypeSpec);

and

If there is a datatypeQual and it includes a fixed, the string matches that fixed value.

Schema Information Set Contribution: Datatype Info
When a string dt-satisfies a datatypeRef and an optional datatypeQual, the containing attribute or element information item will be augmented to indicate the datatypeSpec and the specialize (if any) which it satisfied.

6.2.3.2 Archetype Definition *

Constraint on Schemas: AttrGroup Unique
The same attrGroupDefn must not be referenced by two or more attrGroupRefs in the same archetypeSpec.

Constraint on Schemas: AttrGroup Identified
Every attrGroupRef in an archetypeSpec must identify an attrGroupSpec.

[Definition:] The attribute declaration set of an archetypeSpec consists of all its effective attributes together with all the attributes contained in the attrGroupSpecs identified by any attrGroupRefs it contains.

[Definition:] The full name of an attribute in an attribute declaration set is its NCName plus its schemaName, i.e. if it appeared directly in the archetypeSpec, the empty string, if it was acquired by refinement or if it came from an attrGroupSpec, then the schemaName from the schemaRef which identified the relevant archetypeSpec or attrGroupSpec respectively, if any, otherwise the empty string.

Constraint on Schemas: Attribute Locally Unique
The same full name must not appear more than once in any archetypeSpec's attribute declaration set.

[Definition:] An element item a-satisfies an archetypeSpec if the element item's attribute items taken together as a set attrs-satisfy the archetypeSpec's attribute declaration set, and either

The archetypeSpec's contentType is a datatypeRef, the datatypeRef identifies a datatypeSpec, the element item contains only comment, processing instruction and character information items and the string formed by concatenating the characters of each of the character information item children, if any, or else the empty string, dt-satisfies that datatypeSpec as qualified by the datatypeRef's datatypeQual if any;

the contentType is a contentModel, and the sequence of character and element items contained by the element item model-satisfies its effective contentModel.

Issue (sic-elt-default): The above definitions do not provide for handling a default on an archetype's datatypeRef. Preferred solution: empty element items ipso facto satisfy datatypeRefs with defaults and are augmented with the default value. This would have the consequence that you cannot provide the empty string as the explicit value of an element item if it's governed by a datatypeRef with a default.

Schema Information Set Contribution: Archetype Info
When an element item a-satisfies a archetypeSpec, that element information item will be augmented to indicate the archetypeSpec which it satisfied.

6.2.3.3 Attribute Declaration *

[Definition:] An attribute item attr-satisfies an attribute if

The attribute contains no datatypeRef and the attribute item's value string dt-satisfies the default datatypeSpec for attributes

the attribute's datatypeRef identifies a datatypeSpec and the attribute item's value string dt-satisfies that datatypeSpec as qualified by the datatypeRef's datatypeQual if any

where the attribute item's value consists of only character information items and by its "value string" is meant the string formed by concatenating the characters of each of those character information item children, if any, or else the empty string.

[Definition:] The attribute items of an element item attrs-satisfy an attribute declaration set if

1) for each attribute item either
- 1a) there is an attribute in the attribute declaration set whose full name consists of an NCName which matches the attribute item's name and either
  - 1a1) the attribute item has no namespace and the attribute's full name has no schemaName
  or
  - 1a2) the attribute item's namespace and the attribute's full name's schemaName are identical
  and the attribute item attr-satisfies the declaration
or
- 1b) the archetypeSpec being a-satisfied by the attribute item's parent element item is open

and

2) every attribute in the attribute declaration set which is required is used to attr-satisfy an attribute item in the context of (1a) above

Schema Information Set Contribution: Attribute Value Default
For every attribute in the attribute declaration set not used to attr-satisfy an attribute item in the context of (1a) above which has a datatypeRef which has a default, an attribute item with the default value is added to the parent element item.

6.2.3.4 Element Content Model *

[Definition:] A sequence of character and element items (call this CESeq) model-satisfies an effective contentModel if

the sequence is empty and the effective contentModel is empty;
the effective contentModel is any and every element item in CESeq is independently valid, and for every element item in CESeq such that the schema which its namespace item resolves to is not the current schema there is an import whose schemaName is identical to that element item's namespace item's URI and that import must either be allElements or contain an elementRef whose NCName matches that element item's name;
the effective contentModel is mixed and every element item in CESeq mixed-satisfies the effective mixed

the effective contentModel is elemOnly and the only character items in CESeq are whitespace character items and the sub-sequence of CESeq consisting of all the element items therein eo-satisfies the effective elemOnly.

6.2.3.5 Mixed Content *

Constraint on Schemas: Element Unique in Mixed
A given NCName must not appear two or more times among the elementDecls and elementRefs with no schemaRefs; a given elementName must not appear two or more times among the elementRefs.

[Definition:] An element item mixed-satisfies a mixed if

the mixed contains an elementRef which the element item ref-satisfies

the mixed contains an elementDecl whose NCName matches the element item's name, in which case the element item must e-satisfy that elementDecl

the archetypeSpec which effectively contains the mixed is open and the element item is independently valid.

Issue (mixed-change-current-schema): There's an implicit change in current schema in the definition of satisfy-mixed above which should be made explicit.

6.2.3.6 Element-only Content *

[Definition:] A sequence of element items elemOnly-satisfies an effective elemOnly if

it is possible to trace out a path through the content model, obeying the compositor and occurs specifications and accepting each element item in the sequence with an elementRef or elementDecl in the content model. Accepting an element item from the sequence with an elementRef requires that it ref-satisfy that elementRef; accepting an element item with an elementDecl requires that the elementDecl's NCName matches the element item's name, in which case the element item must e-satisfy that elementDecl.

NOTE: The above definition of elemOnly-satisfy does not explicitly incorporate the modifications required when the containing archetype is open, as set out at the end of Archetype Refinement * (§3.5), but it should be understood as doing so.

Constraint on Schemas: Element Consistency
A given NCName must not appear both among the elementDecls and among the elementRefs with no schemaRefs, or more than once among the elementDecls.

NOTE: Note that the above permits repeated use of the same elementRef, analogous to DTD usage.

NOTE: EDITORS: Add a COS for the checking of valid pairs of minOccurs and maxOccurs.

Constraint on Schemas: Unambiguous Content Model
For compatibility, it is an error if a content model is such that there exist element item sequences within which some item can match more than one occurrence of an elementRef or elementDecl in the content model.

6.2.3.7 Element Declaration *

[Definition:] The full name of a top-level elementDecl is its NCName plus its schemaName, i.e. if it appeared directly in the current schema or an include, the empty string, if it was imported, then the schemaName of that import, which must successfully resolved to its containing schema.

[Definition:] An element item e-satisfies an elementDecl if the elementDecl:

contains an archetypeSpec directly, and the element item a-satisfies that archetypeSpec;

the typeRef alternative is used in that elementDecl and it identifies an archetypeSpec and the element item a-satisfies that archetypeSpec.

Constraint on Schemas: Nested May Not Be Global
An elementSpec in a nested elementDecl must not be global.

Constraint on Schemas: Cannot Shadow Global
If a top-level elementSpec is global, then the NCName of its elementDecl must not be redeclared by any nested elementDecl in the same schema or any schema it eventually includes.

[Definition:] An element item is independently valid if there is a top-level elementDecl whose NCName matches its name in the schema its namespace item resolves to (or a schema that schema includes, in which case see the definition of identify for details on which declaration is used if there is more than one), and the element item must e-satisfy that elementDecl.

[Definition:] An element item ref-satisfies an elementRef if

the elementRef identifies an elementDecl whose NCName matches the element item's name and either
- the elementDecl's full name has no schemaName, in which case the element item's namespace must be the same as its parent's namespace
or
- the element item's namespace and the elementDecl's full name's schemaName are identical
in which case the element item must also e-satisfy the elementDecl.

the elementRef identifies an elementDecl (call this ETD1), the element item is independently valid and the elementDecl whereby it is independently validated contains or identifies an archetypeSpec which refines the archetypeSpec contained in or identified by ETD1.

NOTE: The last clause above is much too complex, it needs to be split apart and built up in stages. It is this which allows elements based on refining archetypes to appear in place of those based on their ancestors.

6.2.4 Archetype Refinement *

Constraint on Schemas: Allowed Refinements
An archetype must not refine one or more other archetypes unless all of the latter have been declared with either open or refinable (explicitly or by default: the default for model on any archetype which does not explicitly specify one is provided by the model of the schema itself, which in turn defaults to closed for compatibility). The same archetype must not be referenced more than once in the refinements list.

6.2.5 Entities and Notations *

Schema-validity Constraint: Attribute is Entity
When an attribute value is interpreted as a reference to an unparsed entity [How?!], the attribute value must identifies an unparsedEntitySpec (note that no schemaRef can be specified in this case); the NCName of the notationRef of that unparsedEntitySpec must identify a notationSpec; the resource specified by the systemID and publicID attribute must be available.

6.2.6 Import Restrictions *

Constraint on Schemas: Refer to Schema
The URI associated with a schemaRef in any of the productions above must successfully resolve to a schema.

Constraint on Schemas: Name Consistently Defined
The NCName in each of the above productions must identify a declaration or definition of the corresponding class (element, archetype, etc.)

Schema-validity Constraint: Use Only Exported Defns
It is not an error for a schema to explicitly import a construct which has not been exported. However, it is an error for a schema to attempt to use such construct.

6.2.7 Schema Inclusion *

Constraint on Schemas: Preorder Priority for Included Definitions
When using a ...Ref to identify a ...Spec, if there is no appropriate matching declaration or definition in the current schema, but there is more than one eventually included schema which contains an appropriate matching declaration or definition, the ...Spec whose declaration or definition occurs first in a preorder traversal of the eventually included schemas is the one identified.

[Definition:] A schema directly includes another schema if the first schema has an include and the URI contained in or abbreviated by the schemaRef of that include resolves successfully to the second schema.

[Definition:] A schema eventually includes another schema if the first schema directly includes the second, or if the first schema directly includes some other schema which itself eventually includes the second.

6.2.8 Schema Validity *

Schema-validity Constraint: Expansions Schema-Ready
Any element item anywhere within the string-infoset-in-context replacing an RUE child per the above must be schema-ready.

Schema-validity Constraint: Ungoverned RUE
RUEs must not appear in element items which are not schema-governed, that is in the values of attributes of or as children of such elements.

Schema-validity Constraint: RUE Entity Declared
For every RUE appearing in a schema-governed element, there must be a parsed entity declaration in the referenced schema whose name matches the name of the RUE.

6.3 Responsibilities of Schema-aware processors *

NOTE: This section has fallen out of alignment with the rest of the specification, but is included none-the-less to give a feeling for how this section will eventually look: the details should not be taken too seriously.

Each step in the following presupposes the successful outcome of the previous step.

A conforming XML Schema processor must:

Test for XML 1.0 well-formedness;
Construct the XML 1.0 information set. This will include identifying and distinguishing all namespace declarations and uses, and expanding any entity references whose XML 1.0 declarations are accessible;
Starting from the root, traverse the information set in pre-order until an element information item with a namespace declaration which refers to an accessible schema is found;
Schema-validate the information set subtree rooted at that element information item using that schema, i.e.
- Expand the information set by replacing the remaining entity references as described in Schema Validity * (§6.1);
- Schema-validate the resulting information set, as described in Schema Validity * (§6.1);
- Expand the information set per all Schema Information Set Contributions encountered
  - for each namespace: its prefixes and URI, and access to a schema corresponding to that URI.
  - for each element: its name (URI+GI), its content, its datatype or archetype, its attributes
  - for each attribute: its name, its value(s), its datatype, and whether its presence is required on an element.
  - for each datatype: its names, its heritage (or type lattice), its value space, its refinable facets.
  - for data: its datatype (and type lattice), whether its presence is required, and its lexical constraints.
  - for each archetype: its name, its content model or datatype, its heritage (or type lattice), its attributes, and whether it is open/closed or can be refined.
  - for each element: its name, its datatype or archetype or content model, its attributes, and whether it is open/closed or can be refined.
  - for each model: whether it is any, empty, mixed, or a group of one or more elements -- in which case, the grammar of the group, and whether it is open/closed or can be refined.
Go back to (3) above and continue traversing, starting with the successor in document order to the item just schema-validated, unless there is no successor;
Provide for an external processing system to have access to the combined information set: document instance plus schema information.

NOTE: Note that the schema contribution to the information set above is meant to be suggestive only at this point, until we've articulated all the Schema Information Set Contributions in the preceding sections.

6.4 Lexical representation *

NOTE: The editors did not get to this.

6.5 Information set *

NOTE: The editors did not get to this.

A (normative) Schema for Schemas *

The XML Schema definition for XML Schema: Structures itself is presented here as normative part of the specification, and as an illustrative example of the XML Schema in defining itself with the very constructs that it defines. The names of XML Schema language types, elements, attributes and groups defined here are evocative of their purpose, but are occasionally verbose.

There is some annotation in comments, but a fuller annotation will require the use of embedded documentation facilities or a hyperlinked external annotation for which tools are not yet readily available.

Since an XML Schema: Structures is an XML document, it has optional XML and doctype declarations that are provided here for completeness. The root schema element defines a new schema. Since this is a schema for XML Schema: Structures, the targetNS references the XML Schema namespace itself, and specifies that this is version "0.8".

In the following definition of the schema element, the preamble is realised with attributes corresponding to targetNamespace, schemaVersion and model, and a sequence of nested elements for import, export and include. The xmlns attribute corresponds to xmlSchemaRef. The schema's definitions and declarations are represented by datatype, archetype, element, attribute, attrGroup, group, textEntity, externalEntity, unParsedEntity and notation.

<?xml version='1.0'?>
<!-- XML Schema schema for XML Schemas: Part 1: Structures -->
<!-- Id: structures.xsd,v 1.7 1999/10/27 13:25:46 ht Exp  -->
<!DOCTYPE schema PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XMLSCHEMA 19991105//EN"
                        "structures.dtd">

<schema  xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/XMLSchema' targetNS='http://www.w3.org/1999/XMLSchema' version='0.6'>

  <!-- The datatype element and all of its members are defined
       in XML Schema: Part 2: Datatypes -->

 <include
  schemaName='http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-xmlschema-2-19991105/datatypes.xsd'/>

  <!-- The NCName datatype is widely used for the names of components -->

  <datatype name='NCName'><basetype name='NMTOKEN'/> </datatype>

  <!-- The public datatype is used for entities and notations -->

  <datatype name='public'><basetype name='string'/> </datatype>

  <!-- schema element -->

  <element name='schema'>
    <archetype>
      <element ref='import' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='*'/>
      <element ref='include' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='*'/>
      <element ref='export' minOccurs='0'/>
      <group order='choice' minOccurs='0'>
	<element ref='comment'/>
        <element ref='datatype'/>
        <element ref='archetype'/>
        <element ref='element'/>
        <element ref='attrGroup'/>
        <element ref='group'/>
        <element ref='textEntity'/>
        <element ref='externalEntity'/>
        <element ref='unparsedEntity'/>
        <element ref='notation'/>
      </group>
    <attribute name='targetNS' type='uri'/>
    <attribute name='version' type='string'/>
    <attribute name='xmlns' type='uri'
               default='http://www.w3.org/1999/XMLSchema'/>
    <attribute name='model' type='NCName' default='closed'>
      <enumeration>
       <literal>open</literal>
       <literal>refinable</literal>
       <literal>closed</literal>
      </enumeration>
     </attribute>
    </archetype>
  </element>

  <!-- comment element -->

  <element name='comment' type='string'/>

  <!-- ################################################ -->
  <!-- Toplevel and named: Fundamental archetypes,
       used hereafter to build the schema. -->
  <!-- A toplevel specifies an export control in addition to a name. -->
  <!-- ################################################ -->

  <!-- named archetype -->

  <archetype name='named' model='refinable'>
    <attribute name='name' type='NCName'/>
  </archetype>

  <!-- toplevel archetype  -->

  <archetype name='toplevel' model='refinable'>
    <refines name='named'/>
    <attribute name='export' type='boolean'/>
  </archetype>

  <!-- ################################################ -->
  <!-- ######### Toplevel elements #################### -->
  <!-- ################################################ -->
  <!-- The datatype definition element is defined in
       XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes.  -->

  <!-- qualifiable archetype
       For references which may be to components of other schemas.
       reference and typeRef are sub-types of qualifiable -->

  <archetype name='qualifiable' model='refinable'>
    <attribute name='schemaName' type='uri'/>
    <attribute name='schemaAbbrev' type='NCName'/>
  </archetype>
   
  <!-- reference archetype
       refines and attrGroupRef are kinds of reference -->

  <archetype name='reference' model='refinable'>
    <refines name='qualifiable'/>
    <attribute name='name' type='NCName'/>
  </archetype>

  <!-- for types (group and element) which use ref instead of name -->

  <archetype name='ref' model='refinable'>
    <refines name='qualifiable'/>
    <attribute name='ref' type='NCName'/>
  </archetype>

  <!-- typeRef archetype -->
  <!-- 'element', 'archetype' and 'attribute' are all kinds of typeRef  -->

  <archetype name='typeRef' model='refinable'>
    <refines name='qualifiable'/>
    <attribute name='type' type='NCName'/>
    <attribute name='default' type='string'/>
    <attribute name='fixed' type='string'/>
  </archetype>

  <!-- modelGroup archetype -->
  <!-- modelGroup, group and archetype are all kinds of modelGroup -->

  <archetype name='modelGroup' model='refinable'>
   <attribute name='order' default='seq'>
    <enumeration>
      <literal>choice</literal>
      <literal>seq</literal>
      <literal>all</literal>
      <literal>many</literal>
     </enumeration>
   </attribute>
  </archetype>

  <!-- modelElt archetype -->
  <!-- the abstract class of all model elements:
        groups, elements and modelGroupRefs -->
  <archetype name='modelElt' model='refinable'>
    <attribute name='minOccurs' type='non-negative-integer' default='1'/>
    <attribute name='maxOccurs' type='string'/> <!-- allows '*', so integer
                                                       won't do -->
  </archetype>

  <!-- The archetype element refines the toplevel, typeRef and
       modelGroup archetypes.
       It may include a refines element that specifies the archetype(s)
       that is is based on, and either a datatypeQual or a model,
       followed by any number of attribute and attrGroupRef elements.  -->
  <!-- archetype element -->

  <element name='archetype'>
    <archetype>
      <refines name='toplevel'/>
      <refines name='typeRef'/>
      <refines name='modelGroup'/>
      <element ref='refines' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='*'/>
    <group order='choice'>
        <element archRef='modelElt' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='*'/>
        <element ref='datatypeQual' minOccurs='0'/>
      </group>
     <group order='choice'  minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='*'>
      <element ref='attribute'/>
      <element ref='attrGroupRef'/>
     </group>
      <attribute name='content' default='elemOnly'>
       <enumeration>
        <literal>elemOnly</literal>
        <literal>textOnly</literal>
        <literal>mixed</literal>
        <literal>empty</literal>
        <literal>any</literal>
      </enumeration>
    </attribute>
    <attribute name='model' type='NCName'>
      <!-- default comes from schema model -->
      <enumeration>
       <literal>open</literal>
       <literal>refinable</literal>
       <literal>closed</literal>
      </enumeration>
     </attribute>
    </archetype>
  </element>

  <!-- refines element -->

  <element name='refines'>
    <archetype content='empty'>
     <refines name='reference'/>
    </archetype>
  </element>


  <!-- The element element refines the toplevel and typeRef archetype.
       It can be used either at the toplevel to define an element-type binding
       globally,
       or within a content model to either reference a globally-defined
       element or archetype or declare an element-type binding locally.
       The ref/archRef forms are not allowed at the top level -->
  <!-- element element -->

  <element name='element'>
    <archetype order='choice'>
    <refines name='toplevel'/>
    <refines name='ref'/>
    <refines name='typeRef'/>
    <refines name='modelElt'/>
        <element ref='datatype'/>
        <element ref='archetype'/>
    </archetype>
  </element>

  <!-- The group element refines the toplevel, modelElt, reference
          and modelGroup archetypes. -->
  <!-- group element -->

  <element name='group'>
   <archetype>
    <refines name='toplevel'/>
    <refines name='ref'/>
    <refines name='modelElt'/>
    <refines name='modelGroup'/>
    <element archRef='modelElt' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='*'/>
   </archetype>
  </element>

  <!-- The datatypeQual archetype provides for modifying datatypes
       referenced from attribute declarations and archetype
       definitions.
       The 'facets' group is defined in the datatype schema.
       It is realised by the datatypeQual element and refined by the
       attribute element -->

  <archetype name='datatypeQual' order='many'>
   <group ref='facets'/>
  </archetype>

  <!-- The datatypeQual element realises the datatypeQual archetype -->

  <element name='datatypeQual' type='datatypeQual'/>

  <!-- the attribute element declares attributes -->
  <element name='attribute'>
   <archetype>
    <refines name='datatypeQual'/>
    <refines name='typeRef'/>
    <refines name='named'/>
    <attribute name='minOccurs' type='non-negative-integer' default='0'>
      <enumeration>
       <literal>0</literal>
       <literal>1</literal>
      </enumeration>
    </attribute>
    <attribute name='maxOccurs' type='integer' fixed='1'/>
   </archetype>
  </element>

  <!-- attrGroup element -->
  <element name='attrGroup'>
    <archetype>
    <refines name='toplevel'/>
      <group order='choice' minOccurs='1' maxOccurs='*'>
      <element ref='attribute'/>
      <element ref='attrGroupRef'/>
     </group>
    </archetype>
  </element>

  <!-- The attrGroupRef element refines the reference archetype.  -->
  <!-- attrGroupRef element -->
  <element name='attrGroupRef'>
    <archetype>
     <refines name='reference'/>
    </archetype>
  </element>

  <!-- The textEntity element refines the toplevel archetype.
        It provides for string content to specify the entity value.  -->
  <!-- textEntity element -->

  <element name='textEntity'>
    <archetype type='string'>
      <refines name='toplevel'/>
    </archetype>
  </element>

  <!-- The externalRef archetype provides for specification
       of a uri, an optional public identifier, and a notation attribute.
       It refines the toplevel archetype -->

  <archetype name='externalRef' model='refinable' content='empty'>
    <refines name='toplevel'/>
    <attribute name='system' type='uri' minOccurs='1'/>
    <attribute name='public' type='public'/>
  </archetype>

  <!-- the typedExternalRef adds a required notation to an external ref -->
  <archetype name='typedExternalRef' model='refinable'>
    <refines name='externalRef'/>
    <attribute name='notation' type='NOTATION' minOccurs='1'/>
  </archetype>

  <!-- The externalEntity and unparsedEntity elements are
       based on the typedExternalRef archetype. -->
  <!-- externalEntity element -->

  <element name='externalEntity'>
    <archetype>
    <refines name='typedExternalRef'/>
    <attribute name='notation' fixed='XML'/>
   </archetype>
  </element>

<!-- unparsedEntity element -->
  <element name='unparsedEntity'>
    <archetype>
    <refines name='typedExternalRef'/>
   </archetype>
  </element>

  <!-- The notation element refines the externalRef archetype. -->
  <element name='notation'>
    <archetype>
    <refines name='externalRef'/>
   </archetype>
  </element>

  <!-- ################################################ -->
  <!-- import, export and include -->
  <!-- The import, export and include elements all refine the
       restrictions archetype, whose attributes can be used
       to enable or disable import and export restrictions.
       Within import and include elements, references to the
       components of foreign schemas control their importation
       or inclusion, respectively.  -->
  <!-- The import and include elements both refine external -->
  <!-- ################################################ -->

  <archetype name='restrictions' model='refinable'>
    <attribute name='datatypes' type='boolean' default='true'/>
    <attribute name='archetypes' type='boolean' default='true'/>
    <attribute name='elements' type='boolean' default='true'/>
    <attribute name='attrGroups' type='boolean' default='true'/>
    <attribute name='modelGroups' type='boolean' default='true'/>
    <attribute name='entities' type='boolean' default='true'/>
    <attribute name='notations' type='boolean' default='true'/>
  </archetype>

  <archetype name='external' order='choice' model='refinable'>
      <refines name='restrictions'/>
      <element ref='component' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='*'/>
    <attribute name='schemaName' minOccurs='1' type='uri'/>
  </archetype>

<!-- component element, used in external -->

  <element name='component'>
   <archetype content='empty'>
    <attribute name='name' type='NCName' minOccurs='1'/>
    <attribute name='type' minOccurs='1'>
     <enumeration>
      <literal>datatype</literal>
      <literal>archetype</literal>
      <literal>element</literal>
      <literal>attrGroup</literal>
      <literal>modelGroup</literal>
      <literal>entity</literal>
      <literal>notation</literal>
     </enumeration>
    </attribute>
   </archetype>
  </element>

  <!-- import element  -->

  <element name='import'>
    <archetype>
      <refines name='external'/>
      <attribute name='schemaAbbrev' minOccurs='1' type='NCName'/>
    </archetype>
  </element>

  <!-- export element  -->

  <element name='export'>
    <archetype content='empty'>
    <refines name='restrictions'/>
    </archetype>
  </element>

  <!-- include element  -->

  <element name='include' type='external'/>

  <!-- ################################################ -->
  <!-- notations for use within XML Schema schemas      -->
  <!-- ################################################ -->  
  <notation name='XMLSchemaStructures' 
            public='structures'
            system='http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-xmlschema-1-19991105/structures.xsd'/>
  <notation name='XML'
            public='REC-xml-19980210'
            system='http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210'/>
</schema>

NOTE: And that is the end of the schema for XML Schema: Structures.

B (normative) DTD for Schemas *

The DTD for XML Schema: Structures is given below. Note there is no implication here the schema must be the root element of a document.

<!-- DTD for XML Schemas: Part 1: Structures -->
<!-- Id: structures.dtd,v 1.9 1999/10/27 13:26:12 ht Exp  -->
<!ELEMENT schema ((import*, include*, export?,  
                  (comment | datatype | archetype | element   
                  | attrGroup | group | notation 
                  | textEntity | externalEntity | unparsedEntity)* ))>
<!ATTLIST schema
                 targetNS    CDATA       #IMPLIED
                 version     CDATA       #IMPLIED
                 xmlns       CDATA       'http://www.w3.org/1999/XMLSchema'
                 model      (open|refinable|closed) 'closed' >

<!ELEMENT import (component*) >

<!ATTLIST import
                 schemaAbbrev     NMTOKEN      #REQUIRED 
                 schemaName       CDATA        #REQUIRED 
                 datatypes        (true|false) 'true'  
                 archetypes       (true|false) 'true'  
                 elements         (true|false) 'true'  
                 attrGroups       (true|false) 'true'  
                 groups           (true|false) 'true'  
                 entities         (true|false) 'true'  
                 notations        (true|false) 'true' >

<!ELEMENT component EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST component name NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
                    type (datatype|archetype|element|attrGroup|group|
                          entity|notation) #REQUIRED>

<!ELEMENT export EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST export 
                 datatypes        (true|false) 'true'  
                 archetypes       (true|false) 'true'  
                 elements         (true|false) 'true'  
                 attrGroups       (true|false) 'true'  
                 groups           (true|false) 'true'  
                 entities         (true|false) 'true'  
                 notations        (true|false) 'true' >

<!ELEMENT include (component*) >

<!ATTLIST include
                 schemaName       CDATA        #REQUIRED 
                 datatypes        (true|false) 'true'  
                 archetypes       (true|false) 'true'  
                 elements         (true|false) 'true'  
                 attrGroups       (true|false) 'true'  
                 groups           (true|false) 'true'  
                 entities         (true|false) 'true'  
                 notations        (true|false) 'true' >


<!-- -->
<!-- comments contain text -->
<!-- -->
<!ELEMENT comment (#PCDATA) >

<!-- The datatype element is defined in XML Schema: Part 2: Datatypes -->

<!ENTITY % xs-datatypes PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XMLSCHEMA datatypes 19991105//EN"
                     'http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-xmlschema-2-19991105/datatypes.dtd' >
%xs-datatypes;

<!-- -->
<!-- an archetype is a named content type specification with attribute 
     declarations-->
<!-- -->

<!ELEMENT archetype (refines*,
                     ((element|group)*|datatypeQual?),
                     (attribute|attrGroupRef)*)>
                           
<!-- note that datatypeQual only if type attr present -->

<!ATTLIST archetype
          name      NMTOKEN     #IMPLIED
          content   (textOnly|mixed|elemOnly|empty|any) 'elemOnly'
          model     (open|refinable|closed) #IMPLIED
          order     (choice|seq|all|many)    #IMPLIED
          type      NMTOKEN     #IMPLIED
          default   CDATA       #IMPLIED
          fixed     CDATA       #IMPLIED
          schemaAbbrev    NMTOKEN    #IMPLIED
          schemaName      CDATA      #IMPLIED >

<!-- Note that schemaAbbrev/Name, default|fixed only if type,
     type iff content='textOnly', in which case must name a datatype -->
<!-- Note that if order is 'all', group/groupRef is not allowed -->
<!-- If order is 'all', minOccurs==maxOccurs==1 on element -->
<!-- Default for order is 'seq' unless content='mixed', in which
     case it's 'many' -->

<!ELEMENT refines EMPTY>
<!ATTLIST refines
                 name            NMTOKEN    #REQUIRED
                 schemaAbbrev    NMTOKEN    #IMPLIED
                 schemaName      CDATA      #IMPLIED >

<!-- -->
<!-- an element is declared by either:
 a name and a type (either nested or referenced via the type attribute)
or:
 a ref to an existing element declaration -->   
<!-- -->
<!ELEMENT element ((archetype|datatype)?)>
<!-- archetype or datatype only if no type|ref|archRef attribute -->
<!-- ref|archRef not allowed at top level -->
<!ATTLIST element
            name        NMTOKEN      #IMPLIED
            ref         NMTOKEN      #IMPLIED
            archRef     NMTOKEN      #IMPLIED
            type        NMTOKEN      #IMPLIED
            schemaAbbrev    NMTOKEN    #IMPLIED
            schemaName      CDATA      #IMPLIED 
            minOccurs   CDATA        '1'
            maxOccurs   CDATA        #IMPLIED
            export      (true|false) 'true'
	    default   CDATA      #IMPLIED 
            fixed     CDATA      #IMPLIED>
<!-- type, ref and archRef are mutually exclusive.  schemaName/Abbrev applies
     to whichever is there, not allowed if neither.
     If name is absent, ref is required -->
<!-- maxOccurs defaults to 1 or minOccurs, whichever is greater -->

<!ELEMENT group (element|group)*>
<!ATTLIST group
            name        NMTOKEN          #IMPLIED
            export      (true|false) 'true'
            collection  (no|list)        'no'
            minOccurs   CDATA            '1'
            maxOccurs   CDATA            #IMPLIED
	    order       (choice|seq|all|many) 'seq' 
            ref         NMTOKEN          #IMPLIED
            schemaAbbrev NMTOKEN         #IMPLIED
            schemaName  CDATA            #IMPLIED>

<!-- Three different functions:  as a named group definition, as an
     anonymous grouping in a model and as a reference to a named group -->

<!-- Name and export only at top level.
    Name and ref are mutually exclusive, as
    are ref and content  -->
<!-- Note that if order is 'all', group is not allowed inside.
     If order is 'all' THIS group must be or be referenced alone at
     the top level of a content model -->
<!-- If order is 'all', minOccurs==maxOccurs==1 on element -->

<!-- the entity reference below is discharged in datatypes.dtd -->
<!ELEMENT datatypeQual (%facets;)*>

<!-- -->
<!-- an attribute declaration names an attribute specification -->
<!-- -->
<!ELEMENT attribute (%facets;)*>
<!ATTLIST attribute
          name      NMTOKEN    #REQUIRED
          schemaAbbrev      NMTOKEN    #IMPLIED
          schemaName   CDATA      #IMPLIED
	  type      CDATA      'string'
	  maxOccurs CDATA      #FIXED '1'
	  minOccurs (0|1)      '0'
	  default   CDATA      #IMPLIED 
          fixed     CDATA      #IMPLIED>

<!-- an attrGroup is a named collection of attribute decls -->
<!ELEMENT attrGroup (attribute | attrGroupRef)+ >
<!ATTLIST attrGroup
                 name        NMTOKEN     #REQUIRED
                 export     (true|false) 'true' >

<!ELEMENT attrGroupRef EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST attrGroupRef 
                 name      NMTOKEN    #REQUIRED
                 schemaAbbrev    NMTOKEN    #IMPLIED
                 schemaName CDATA      #IMPLIED >

<!--  -->
<!-- Entities and notations in XML Schema -->
<!--  -->

<!-- a textEntity can be referenced in documents of this type -->
<!ELEMENT textEntity (#PCDATA) >
<!ATTLIST textEntity
                 name        NMTOKEN     #REQUIRED
                 export      (true|false) #FIXED 'true' >

<!-- an externalEntity can be referenced in documents of this type -->
<!ELEMENT externalEntity EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST externalEntity
                 name        NMTOKEN     #REQUIRED
                 export     (true|false) #FIXED 'true' 
                 public      CDATA       #IMPLIED
                 system      CDATA       #REQUIRED
                 notation    NMTOKEN     #FIXED 'XML'>

<!-- declares notation to be a 1st class element or entity content types -->
<!ELEMENT notation EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST notation
                 name        NMTOKEN     #REQUIRED
                 export     (true|false) #FIXED 'true'
                 public      CDATA       #REQUIRED
                 system      CDATA       #IMPLIED>

<!-- an unparsedEntity can be referenced in documents of this type  -->
<!ELEMENT unparsedEntity EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST unparsedEntity
                 name        NMTOKEN     #REQUIRED
                 export     (true|false) #FIXED 'true'
                 public      CDATA       #IMPLIED
                 system      CDATA       #REQUIRED
                 notation    NMTOKEN     #REQUIRED >

<!NOTATION XMLSchemaStructures PUBLIC 'structures'
           'http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-xmlschema-1-19991105/structures.xsd' >
<!NOTATION XML PUBLIC 'REC-xml-1998-0210'
               'http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210' >

C Glossary (normative) *

Ed. Note: The Glossary has barely been started. An XSL macro will be used to collect definitions from throughout the spec and gather them here for easy reference.

abstract syntax: [Definition:] theabstract syntax of the XML Schema Definition Language is ...
aggregate datatype: [Definition:] an aggregate datatype is
type: [Definition:] an type is
type reference: [Definition:] an type reference is
'all' content model group: [Definition:] the 'all' content model group is
'any' content: [Definition:] the 'any' content specification ...
atomic datatype: [Definition:] an atomic datatype is
attribute: [Definition:] an attribute is
attribute group: [Definition:] an attribute group is
'choice' content model group: [Definition:] the 'choice' content model group is
composition: [Definition:] composition is
concrete syntax: [Definition:] the concrete syntax is
constraint: [Definition:] a constraint is
content: [Definition:] content is
context: [Definition:] a context is
datatype: [Definition:] an datatype is
datatype reference: [Definition:] an datatype reference is
default value: [Definition:] a default value is
document: [Definition:] a document is
element: [Definition:] an element is
element content: [Definition:] element content is
element reference: [Definition:] an element reference is
'empty' content: [Definition:] the 'empty' content specification ...
export: [Definition:] to export is
export control: [Definition:] an export control
external entity: [Definition:] an external entity is
facet: [Definition:] a facet is
fixed value: [Definition:] a fixed value
fragment: [Definition:] a fragment is
import: [Definition:] to import is
include: [Definition:] to include is
information set: [Definition:] an information set is
instance: [Definition:] an instance is
markup: [Definition:] markup is
'mixed' content: [Definition:] the 'mixed' content specification ...
model: [Definition:] a model is
model group: [Definition:] a model group is
model group reference: [Definition:] a model group reference is
RUE: [Definition:] RUE is short for reference to undefined entity information item as defined in [XML-Infoset]
NCName: [Definition:] an NCName is a name with no namespace qualification, as defined in [XML-Namespaces]. Appears in all the definition and declaration productions of this specification.
namespace: [Definition:] a namespace is
notation: [Definition:] a notation is
object model: [Definition:] an object model is
occurrence: [Definition:] occurrence is
parameter entity: [Definition:] a parameter entity is
preamble: [Definition:] a preamble is
presence: [Definition:] presence is
refinement: [Definition:] refinement is
document root: [Definition:] the document root is ...
scope: [Definition:] scope is
'sequence' content model group: [Definition:] the 'sequence' content model group is
structure: [Definition:] structure is
symbol space: [Definition:] a symbol space is
text entity: [Definition:] a parsed entity is
unparsed entity: [Definition:] an unparsed entity is
validation: [Definition:] validation is
vocabulary: [Definition:] a vocabulary is
well-formedness: [Definition:] well-formedness is

D References (normative) *

DCD: Document Content Description for XML (DCD), Tim Bray et al. W3C, 10 August 1998. See http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-dcd
DDML: Document Definition Markup Language. See http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-ddml
HTML-4: HTML 4.0 Specification, Dave Raggett et al. W3C, 1998. See http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/
ISO-11404: ISO 11404 -- Information Technology -- Programming Languages, their environments and system software interfaces -- Language-independent datatypes, ISO/IEC 11404:1996(E).
RFC-1808: RFC 1808,Relative Uniform Resource Locators. Internet Engineering Task Force. See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1808.txt
SOX: Schema for Object-oriented XML, Matt Fuchs, et al. W3C, 1998. See http://www.w3.org/Submission/1998/15/
SOX-1.1: Schema for Object-oriented XML, Version 1.1, Matt Fuchs, et al. W3C, 1999. See ???
URI: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax and Semantics. See http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/url/draft-fielding-uri-syntax-01.txt
URL: RFC 1738,Uniform Resource Locators (URL). Internet Engineering Task Force. See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1738.txt
URN: RFC 2141,URN Syntax. Internet Engineering Task Force. See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2141.txt
WAI-PAGEAUTH: WAI Accessibility Guidelines: Page Authoring, Gregg Vanderheiden et al. W3C, 14-Apr-1998. See http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT/
WEBARCH-EXTLANG: Web Architecture: Extensible Languages, Tim Berners-Lee and Dan Connolly. W3C, 10 Feb 1998. See http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-webarch-extlang
WEBSGML: Proposed TC for WebSGML Adaptations for SGML, C. F. Goldfarb, ed., 14 June 1997. See http://www.sgmlsource.com/8879rev/n1929.htm
XML Schemas: Datatypes: XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, Paul V. Biron and Ashok Malhotra, eds. See http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-xmlschema-2-19991105/datatypes.html
XML Schema Requirements: XML Schema Requirements , Ashok Malhotra and Murray Maloney, ed., W3C, 15 February 1999. See http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-xml-schema-req
XDR: XML-Data Reduced, Frankston, Charles, and Henry S. Thompson, ed. See http://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/~ht/XMLData-Reduced.htm
XLink: XML Linking Language (XLink), Eve Maler and Steve DeRose, W3C, 3 March 1998. See http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xlink
XML: Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0, Tim Bray, et al. W3C, 10 February 1998. See http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml
XSLT: Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations, James Clark, W3C, 21 April 1999. See http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-xslt-19990421
XML-Data: XML-Data, Andrew Layman, et al. W3C, 05 January 1998. See http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/NOTE-XML-data-0105/
XML-Infoset: XML Information Set (public WD), David Megginson et al., W3C, 1999. See http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-infoset
XML-Namespaces: Namespaces in XML, Tim Bray et al., W3C, 1998. See http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xml-names
XPointer: XML Pointer Language (XPointer), Eve Maler and Steve DeRose, W3C, 3 March 1998. See http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xptr
XSchema: XSchema Specification, Simon St. Laurent, Ronald Bourret, John Cowan, et al., Version 1.0, Draft, 18 October 1998. See http://www.simonstl.com/xschema/spec/xscspecv4.htm For more general information, consult http://purl.oclc.org/NET/xschema

E Task Force Reports (non-normative) *

E.1 Composition TF Report

Composition TF Report: XML Schema Composition Task Force Report: Partial draft, Noah Mendelsohn, Henry S. Thompson. See http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-xmlschema-1-19990924/composition-tf.html

E.2 Refinement TF Report

Refinement TF Report: Refinement Task Force Report, Eve Maler, Ashok Malhotra, and Allen Brown eds. See http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-xmlschema-1-19990924/refinement-tf.html

E.3 Simple TF Background

Simple TF Background: Proposal by the "Simple Syntax" Taskforce, David Fallside et al. See http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-xmlschema-1-19990924/simple-background.html

E.4 Simple TF Proposal

Simple TF Proposal: XML Schema Part 1: Structures - Proposed Updates from Simplification Task Force, David Fallside et al. See http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-xmlschema-1-19990924/simple-proposal.html

F Acknowledgments (non-normative) *

The following have contributed material to this draft:

Andrew Layman, Microsoft
David Fallside, IBM
Scott Lawrence, Agranat Systems

The editors acknowledge the members of the XML Schema Working Group, the members of other W3C Working Groups, and industry experts in other forums who have contributed directly or indirectly to the process or content of creating this document. The Working Group is particularly grateful to Lotus Development Corp. and IBM for providing teleconferencing facilities.

The current members of the XML Schema Working Group are:

Paula Angerstein, Vignette Corporation; David Beech, Oracle Corp.; Paul V. Biron, Health Level Seven; Allen Brown, Microsoft; Greg Bumgardner, Rogue Wave Software; Lee Buck, Extensibility; Dean Burson, Lotus Development Corporation; Peter Chen, Bootstrap Alliance and LSU; David Cleary, Progress Software; Dan Connolly, W3C (staff contact); Andrew Eisenberg, Progress Software; Rob Ellman, Calico Technology; David Ezell, Hewlett Packard Company; David Fallside, IBM; Matthew Fuchs, Commerce One; Paul Grosso, ArborText, Inc.; Dave Hollander, CommerceNet (co-chair); Mary Holstege, Calico Technology; Jane Hunter, Distributed Systems Technology Centre (DSTC Pty Ltd); Renato Iannella, Distributed Systems Technology Centre (DSTC Pty Ltd); Rick Jelliffe, Academia Sinica; Dianne Kennedy, Graphic Communications Association; Setrag Khoshafian, Technology Deployment International (TDI); Janet Koenig, Sun Microsystems; Ara Kullukian, Technology Deployment International (TDI); Andrew Layman, Microsoft; Dmitry Lenkov, Hewlett Packard Company; Eve Maler, ArborText, Inc.; Ashok Malhotra, IBM; Murray Maloney, Commerce One; John McCarthy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Noah Mendelsohn, Lotus Development Corporation; Don Mullen, Extensibility; Murata Makoto, Xerox; Frank Olken, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Dave Peterson, Graphic Communications Association; Mark Reinhold, Sun Microsystems; Shriram Revankar, Xerox; Jonathan Robie, Software AG; Lew Shannon, NCR; C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, W3C (co-chair); Henry S. Thompson, University of Edinburgh; Matt Timmermans, Microstar; Jim Trezzo, Oracle Corp.; Steph Tryphonas, Microstar; Mark Tucker, Health Level Seven; Priscilla Walmsley, XMLSolutions; Aki Yoshida, SAP AG

The XML Schema Working Group has benefited in its work from the participation and contributions of a number of people not currently members of the Working Group, including in particular those named below. Affiliations given are those current at the time of their work with the WG.

Gabe Beged-Dov, Rogue Wave Software; George Feinberg, Object Design; Charles Frankston, Microsoft; Ernesto Guerrieri, Inso; Michael Hyman, Microsoft; Chris Olds, Wall Data; William Shea, Merrill Lynch; Ralph Swick, W3C; Tony Stewart, Rivcom

G Sample Schema (non-normative) *

Example

An example of a full blown schema, for the PurchaseOrder example from Schemas, Types and Elements (§2.3):

<schema targetNS='http://www.myOrg.com/bob/PurchaseOrder' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/XMLSchema'>

 <element name='PurchaseOrder' type='PurchaseOrderType'/>

 <element name='comment' type='string'/>

 <archetype name='PurchaseOrderType'>
  <element name='shipTo' type='Address'/>
  <element name='shipDate' type='date'/>
  <element ref='comment' minOccurs='0'/>
  <element name='Items' type='Items'/>
  <attribute name='orderDate' type='date'/>
 </archetype>

 <archetype name='Address'>
  <element name='name' type='string'/>
  <element name='street' type='string'/>
  <element name='city' type='string'/>
  <element name='state' type='string'/>
  <element name='zip' type='number'/>
  <attribute name='type' type='string'/>
 </archetype>

 <archetype name='Items'>
  <element name='Item' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='*'>
   <archetype>
    <element name='productName' type='string'/>
    <element name='quantity'>
     <datatype>
      <basetype name='integer'/>
      <minExclusive>0</minExclusive>
     </datatype>
    </element>
    <element name='price' type='number'/>
    <element ref='comment' minOccurs='0'/>
   </archetype>
  </element>
 </archetype>

</schema>

H Tabulation of changes *


$Log: structures.xml,v $
Revision 1.15.1.11  1999/11/05 17:19:14  aqw
typo in stylesheet name

Revision 1.15.1.10  1999/11/05 15:41:53  aqw
fix some more dates -> entref, remove some more ../'s

Revision 1.15.1.9  1999/11/05 15:12:55  aqw
oops, move DTD down a level too

Revision 1.15.1.8  1999/11/05 15:05:28  aqw
just before PWD: fix some uses of ...base; entities, remove Id:, make
resource pointers same level, not ../, to accommodate Hugo's release
directory structure

Revision 1.15.1.7  1999/11/04 23:42:26  aqw
one last link fix

Revision 1.15.1.6  1999/11/04 22:03:50  aqw
more last-minute link fixes

Revision 1.15.1.5  1999/11/04 21:35:44  aqw
adjust URLs, membership, status

Revision 1.15.1.4  1999/11/03 21:32:52  aqw
example fixed per David Beech suggestion

Revision 1.15.1.3  1999/11/03 21:19:05  aqw
more on editors and acks
fix some typos courtesy of David Beech

Revision 1.15.1.2  1999/11/03 20:21:03  aqw
editor emails

Revision 1.15.1.1  1999/11/03 19:52:45  aqw
editor and author fixes for PWD

Revision 1.15  1999/10/27 13:28:58  ht
Fix some (all?) syntax paradigms, examples
Include bug-fixed .xsd and .dtd

Revision 1.14  1999/10/27 10:48:01  ht
Incorporate up-to-date schema and DTD, completing concrete syntax changes
Parameterise paths/dates to facilitate release process

Revision 1.13  1999/10/09 10:49:40  ht
correct headline date

Revision 1.12  1999/10/05 09:56:19  ht
Preliminary implementation of A3 and A7 (ampConnector and richerMixed)
votes.  Moving towards a parallel syntax for elementDecl/Ref and
groupDefn/Ref.

Concrete syntax paradigms, examples, DTD and Schema NOT up-to-date

Revision 1.11  1999/09/27 16:31:07  ht
merge simple back to main branch

Revision 1.10.2.38  1999/09/27 16:29:02  ht
return to xmlschema-current as base

Revision 1.10.2.37  1999/09/24 16:40:22  ht
add comments archive pointer

Revision 1.10.2.36  1999/09/24 16:38:23  ht
link housekeeping, move TF reports bibliography to separate appendix

Revision 1.10.2.35  1999/09/24 13:44:27  ht
final (?) housekeeping before publication

Revision 1.10.2.34  1999/09/23 18:48:51  ht
changes to front matter in preparation for public WD
ponter to Simple TF included

Revision 1.10.2.33  1999/09/23 13:32:15  ht
up-to-date pointer to refinement TF report

Revision 1.10.2.32  1999/09/23 13:00:22  ht
typo in db entity

Revision 1.10.2.31  1999/09/23 12:59:04  ht
per suggestions from Ashok, some rewording of summary of Composition
TF, added issue regarding priority of instance->schema alternatives

Revision 1.10.2.30  1999/09/22 14:02:35  ht
typo in correction to 4.1

Revision 1.10.2.29  1999/09/22 13:58:39  ht
edits implementing Noah's comments

Revision 1.10.2.28  1999/09/22 08:07:07  ht
add verbatim change log at end
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.27
date: 1999/09/21 16:26:11;  author: ht;  state: Exp;  lines: +4 -4
added $Id: structures.xml,v 1.15.1.11 1999/11/05 17:19:14 aqw Exp $ to title for now
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.26
date: 1999/09/21 16:06:08;  author: ht;  state: Exp;  lines: +42 -244
replaced composition tf report with a summary and a pointer
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.25
date: 1999/09/21 14:11:50;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +495 -111
some dates, up-to-date DTD and Schema for schemas
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.24
date: 1999/09/21 10:50:37;  author: ht;  state: Exp;  lines: +18 -3
supply missing content model for 'attribute' in concrete syntax
paradigm
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.23
date: 1999/09/21 10:37:51;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +21 -20
define/declare consistency pass
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.22
date: 1999/09/20 13:08:36;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +47 -49
track datatype content model changes,
minor wording
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.21
date: 1999/09/16 14:55:17;  author: ht;  state: Exp;  lines: +136 -14
header disclaimer, graveyards rescued to discharge references
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.20
date: 1999/09/16 14:25:01;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +274 -1541
rip out all of 3.5, all of 4, install 'Draft Proposal' in 4
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.19
date: 1999/09/16 12:08:59;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +107 -143
Clean up import/include/export, references in particular
Add archetypeRef to content models, minimally
New example of datatype+attr
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.18
date: 1999/09/15 22:06:29;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +26 -3
Two clarifications following discussion with andrew
1) what it would take to remove the two symbol spaces problem
2) How <archetype> allows either datatypeRef or contentType
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.17
date: 1999/09/15 20:30:49;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +114 -105
change date, incorporate edited dtd
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.16
date: 1999/09/15 19:52:39;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +90 -76
Encorporate/respond to Eve Maler's suggested edits
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.15
date: 1999/09/13 16:14:12;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +306 -335
Finish consistency pass through 3.4
Brutal 'element type' -> element
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.14
date: 1999/09/09 14:22:29;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +53 -56
cleanup pass, down to 3.3
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.13
date: 1999/09/08 18:23:47;  author: ht;  state: Exp;  lines: +41 -41
more type back to archetype
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.12
date: 1999/09/08 18:03:06;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +214 -216
put archetype back in, imperfectly, I expect
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.11
date: 1999/09/07 21:50:36;  author: bu;  state: Exp;  lines: +124 -63
fix paradigm contexts, extend example, consolidate example in appendix
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.10
date: 1999/09/07 16:54:39;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +514 -521
syntax paradigms now properly distributed, I think
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.9
date: 1999/09/07 15:53:06;  author: ht;  state: Exp;  lines: +5 -8
fixed minor validity errors
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.8
date: 1999/09/07 15:31:58;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +288 -285
working on integrating syntax paradigms
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.7
date: 1999/09/07 09:44:57;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +630 -33
added ALL concrete syntax boxes at once
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.6
date: 1999/09/06 14:55:04;  author: ht;  state: Exp;  lines: +35 -2
added one e: syntax exposition
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.5
date: 1999/09/02 15:28:27;  author: ht;  state: Exp;  lines: +6 -6
fix URLs for self, a bit
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.4
date: 1999/09/02 12:53:34;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +108 -95
Added not-status-quo marks, changed e.g. String to string
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.3
date: 1999/09/01 17:02:14;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +587 -977
integration of 2.3 from simple
more renaming
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.2
date: 1999/08/23 15:32:16;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +730 -248
Modified simple integration to give preliminary consistency
----------------------------
revision 1.10.2.1
date: 1999/08/22 17:44:40;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +317 -260
Textual integration of Simple update of 1999-08-13
----------------------------
revision 1.10
date: 1999/07/20 19:47:27;  author: ht;  state: Exp;  lines: +5 -5
branches:  1.10.2;
fixed dates, dangling reference
----------------------------
revision 1.9
date: 1999/07/19 09:31:26;  author: ht;  state: Exp;  lines: +34 -38
David Beech: updated definition of "Schema" following WG and IG email
discussion.  Changed "Schemata" to "Schemas" except where directly
quoted from Requirements doc.  Clarified in 2.5 that elements and
attributes have separate symbol spaces (public comment).  Fixed
assorted typos.
----------------------------
revision 1.8
date: 1999/06/23 10:00:31;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +1 -1
fix $Id: structures.xml,v 1.15.1.11 1999/11/05 17:19:14 aqw Exp $
----------------------------
revision 1.7
date: 1999/06/23 09:51:15;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +28 -28
Restrict content model of 'all' in schema and dtd, change entities for
point releases
----------------------------
revision 1.6
date: 1999/06/23 09:10:01;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +147 -187
pushed &amp; down to lowest level, fixed incoherent validity
definition in 6.2.3.7 to agree with the note which follows.  Wrapped
validation text from 3.4 in appropriately named div4's
----------------------------
revision 1.5
date: 1999/06/21 16:31:59;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +569 -551
Really moved validity-oriented definitions to 6.3 (previous revision
was just housekeeping)
----------------------------
revision 1.4
date: 1999/06/21 16:25:21;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +45 -36
moved validity-oriented definitions to 6.3
----------------------------
revision 1.3
date: 1999/06/21 12:25:21;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +3540 -3650
Low-level: Normalise line ends, quotes
Editorial: Move all constraintnotes to new separate section
----------------------------
revision 1.2
date: 1999/05/27 14:13:54;  author: aqw;  state: Exp;  lines: +2 -2
fix stylesheet and dtd urls to local versions
----------------------------
revision 1.1
date: 1999/05/23 16:51:11;  author: ht;  state: Exp;
branches:  1.1.1;
Initial revision

I Open Issues *

A tabulation of open issues flagged above follows:

XML Schema Part 1: Structures

W3C Working Draft 5 November 1999

Abstract

Status of this document

Table of contents

Appendices

1 Introduction

1.1 Documentation Conventions

1.2 Purpose

1.3 Relationship To Other Work

1.4 Terminology

2 Conceptual Framework

2.1 Kinds of XML Documents

2.2 On schemas, constraints and contributions

2.3 Schemas, Types and Elements

2.4 Schemas and their component parts

2.5 Names and Symbol Spaces

2.6 Abstract and Concrete Syntax

3 Schema Definitions and Declarations

3.1 The Schema

3.2 The Document and its Root

3.3 References to Schema Constructs

3.4 Types, Elements and Attributes

3.4.1 Datatype Definition

3.4.2 Archetype Definition

3.4.3 Attribute Declaration

3.4.4 Attribute Group Definition *

3.4.5 Element Content Model

3.4.6 Rich Content Models

3.4.7 Mixed Content

3.4.8 Named Model Group *

3.4.9 Element Declaration

3.5 Archetype Refinement *

3.5.1 Graveyard for stale syntax, here to avoid breaking IDREFs elsewhere *

3.6 Entities and Notations *

3.6.1 Internal Parsed Entity Declaration *

3.6.2 External Parsed Entity Declaration *

3.6.3 Unparsed Entity Declaration *

3.6.4 Notation Declaration *

4 Schema Composition and Namespaces *

4.1 Introduction and TF report summary *

4.2 Graveyard for stale syntax, here to avoid breaking IDREFs elsewhere *

4.2.1 Exporting Schema Constructs

4.2.2 Schema Import

4.2.3 Import Restrictions

4.2.4 Schema Inclusion

4.2.5 Associating Instance Document Constructs with Corresponding Schemas

5 Documenting schemas *

6 Conformance -- OUT OF DATE *

6.1 Schema Validity *

6.2 Detailed validity constraints and definitions *

6.2.1 The Schema *

6.2.2 References to Schema Constructs *

6.2.3 Types, Elements and Attributes *

6.2.3.1 Datatypes *

6.2.3.2 Archetype Definition *

6.2.3.3 Attribute Declaration *

6.2.3.4 Element Content Model *

6.2.3.5 Mixed Content *

6.2.3.6 Element-only Content *

6.2.3.7 Element Declaration *

6.2.4 Archetype Refinement *

6.2.5 Entities and Notations *

6.2.6 Import Restrictions *

6.2.7 Schema Inclusion *

6.2.8 Schema Validity *

6.3 Responsibilities of Schema-aware processors *

6.4 Lexical representation *

6.5 Information set *

A (normative) Schema for Schemas *

B (normative) DTD for Schemas *

C Glossary (normative) *

D References (normative) *

E Task Force Reports (non-normative) *

E.1 Composition TF Report

E.2 Refinement TF Report

E.3 Simple TF Background

E.4 Simple TF Proposal

F Acknowledgments (non-normative) *

G Sample Schema (non-normative) *