How to set up your own domain.
First of all: you read all the stuff before here right? You have to.
Before we really start this section I'm going to serve you
some theory on and an example of how DNS works. And you're going to
read it because it's good for you. If you don't want to you should at
least skim it very quickly. Stop skimming when you get to what should
go in your named.conf file.
DNS is a hierarchical, tree structured, system. The top is written
`.' and pronounced `root', as is usual for tree data-structures.
Under . there are a number of Top Level Domains (TLDs); the best
known ones are ORG, COM, EDU and NET, but there
are many more. Just like a tree it has a root and it branches out.
If you have any computer science background you will recognize DNS as
a search tree, and you will be able to find nodes, leaf nodes and
edges. The dots are nodes, the edges are on the names.
When looking for a machine the query proceeds recursively into the
hierarchy starting at the root. If you want to find the address of
prep.ai.mit.edu., your nameserver has to start asking somewhere.
It starts by looking it its cache. If it knows the answer, having
cached it before, it will answer right away as we saw in the last
section. If it does not know it will remove parts from the name
starting at the left, checking if it knows anything about
ai.mit.edu., then mit.edu., then edu. and if not that
it does know about . because that was in the hints file. It will
then ask a . server about prep.ai.mit.edu. This .
server will not know the answer, but it will help your server on its
way by giving a referral, telling it where to look instead. These
referrals will eventually lead your server to a nameserver that knows
the answer. I will illustrate that now. +norec means that dig
is asking non-recursive questions so that we get to do the recursion
ourselves. The other options are to reduce the amount of dig produces
so this won't go on for too many pages:
$ dig +norec +noH +noques +nostats +nocmd prep.ai.mit.edu.
;; res options: init defnam dnsrch
;; got answer:
; flags: qr ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 13, ADDITIONAL: 13
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
. 5d23h48m47s IN NS I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 5d23h48m47s IN NS E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 5d23h48m47s IN NS D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 5d23h48m47s IN NS A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 5d23h48m47s IN NS H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 5d23h48m47s IN NS C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 5d23h48m47s IN NS G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 5d23h48m47s IN NS F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 5d23h48m47s IN NS B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 5d23h48m47s IN NS J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 5d23h48m47s IN NS K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 5d23h48m47s IN NS L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
. 5d23h48m47s IN NS M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6d23h48m47s IN A 192.36.148.17
E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6d23h48m47s IN A 192.203.230.10
D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6d23h48m47s IN A 128.8.10.90
A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6d23h48m47s IN A 198.41.0.4
H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6d23h48m47s IN A 128.63.2.53
C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6d23h48m47s IN A 192.33.4.12
G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6d23h48m47s IN A 192.112.36.4
F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6d23h48m47s IN A 192.5.5.241
B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6d23h48m47s IN A 128.9.0.107
J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6d23h48m47s IN A 198.41.0.10
K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6d23h48m47s IN A 193.0.14.129
L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6d23h48m47s IN A 198.32.64.12
M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 6d23h48m47s IN A 202.12.27.33
This is a referral. It is giving us an "Authority section" only, no "Answer section". Our own nameserver refers us to a nameserver. Pick one at random:
$ dig +norec +noH +noques +nostats +nocmd prep.ai.mit.edu. @H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
; (1 server found)
;; res options: init defnam dnsrch
;; got answer:
; flags: qr; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 3, ADDITIONAL: 3
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
MIT.EDU. 2D IN NS BITSY.MIT.EDU.
MIT.EDU. 2D IN NS STRAWB.MIT.EDU.
MIT.EDU. 2D IN NS W20NS.MIT.EDU.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
BITSY.MIT.EDU. 2D IN A 18.72.0.3
STRAWB.MIT.EDU. 2D IN A 18.71.0.151
W20NS.MIT.EDU. 2D IN A 18.70.0.160
It refers us to MIT.EDU servers at once. Again pick one at random:
$ dig +norec +noH +noques +nostats +nocmd prep.ai.mit.edu. @bitsy.mit.edu
; (1 server found)
;; res options: init defnam dnsrch
;; got answer:
; flags: qr ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 4, ADDITIONAL: 4
;; ANSWER SECTION:
prep.ai.mit.edu. 3h50m7s IN A 198.186.203.18
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
AI.MIT.EDU. 6H IN NS FEDEX.AI.MIT.EDU.
AI.MIT.EDU. 6H IN NS LIFE.AI.MIT.EDU.
AI.MIT.EDU. 6H IN NS ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU.
AI.MIT.EDU. 6H IN NS BEET-CHEX.AI.MIT.EDU.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
FEDEX.AI.MIT.EDU. 6H IN A 192.148.252.43
LIFE.AI.MIT.EDU. 6H IN A 128.52.32.80
ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU. 6H IN A 128.52.32.5
BEET-CHEX.AI.MIT.EDU. 6H IN A 128.52.32.22
This time we got a "ANSWER SECTION", and an answer for our
question. The "AUTHORITY SECTION" contains information about which
servers to ask about ai.mit.edu the next time. So you can ask
them directly the next time you wonder about ai.mit.edu names.
So starting at . we found the successive name servers for each
level in the domain name by referral. If you had used your own DNS
server instead of using all those other servers, your named would
of-course cache all the information it found while digging this out
for you, and it would not have to ask again for a while.
In the tree analogue each ``.'' in the name is a branching
point. And each part between the ``.''s are the names of
individual branches in the tree. One climbs the tree by taking the
name we want (prep.ai.mit.edu) asking the root (.) or
whatever servers father from the root toward prep.ai.mit.edu we have
information about in the cache. Once the cache limits are reached
the recursive resolver goes out asking servers, pursuing referrals
(edges) further into the name.
A much less talked about, but just as important domain is
in-addr.arpa. It too is nested like the `normal' domains.
in-addr.arpa allows us to get the host's name when we have its
address. A important thing to note here is that the IP addresses are
written in reverse order in the in-addr.arpa domain. If you have
the address of a machine: 192.148.52.43 named proceeds just like
for the prep.ai.mit.edu example: find arpa. servers. Find
in-addr.arpa. servers, find 192.in-addr.arpa. servers, find
148.192.in-addr.arpa. servers, find 52.148.192.in-addr.arpa.
servers. Find needed records for 43.52.148.192.in-addr.arpa.
Clever huh? (Say `yes'.) The reversion of the numbers can be
confusing for years though.
Now to define our own domain. We're going to make the domain
linux.bogus and define machines in it. I use a totally bogus
domain name to make sure we disturb no-one Out There.
One more thing before we start: Not all characters are allowed in
host names. We're restricted to the characters of the English
alphabet: a-z, and numbers 0-9 and the character '-' (dash). Keep to
those characters. Upper and lower-case characters are the same for
DNS, so pat.uio.no is identical to Pat.UiO.No.
We've already started this part with this line in named.conf:
zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
file "pz/127.0.0";
};
Please note the lack of `.' at the end of the domain names in
this file. This says that now we will define the zone
0.0.127.in-addr.arpa, that we're the master server for it and
that it is stored in a file called pz/127.0.0. We've already
set up this file, it reads:
$TTL 3D
@ IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
1 ; Serial
8H ; Refresh
2H ; Retry
4W ; Expire
1D) ; Minimum TTL
NS ns.linux.bogus.
1 PTR localhost.
Please note the `.' at the end of all the full domain names in
this file, in contrast to the named.conf file above. Some people
like to start each zone file with a $ORIGIN directive, but
this is superfluous. The origin (where in the DNS hierarchy it
belongs) of a zone file is specified in the zone section of the
named.conf file; in this case it's 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.
This `zone file' contains 3 `resource records' (RRs): A SOA RR. A NS RR and a PTR RR. SOA is short for Start Of Authority. The `@' is a special notation meaning the origin, and since the `domain' column for this file says 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa the first line really means
0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. IN SOA ...
NS is the Name Server RR. There is no '@' at the start of this line; it is implicit since the previous line started with a '@'. Saves some typing that. So the NS line could also be written
0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. IN NS ns.linux.bogus
It tells DNS what machine is the name server of the domain
0.0.127.in-addr.arpa, it is ns.linux.bogus. 'ns' is a
customary name for name-servers, but as with web servers who are
customarily named www.something the name may be anything.
And finally the PTR (Domain Name Pointer) record says that the host
at address 1 in the subnet 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa, i.e., 127.0.0.1
is named localhost.
The SOA record is the preamble to all zone files, and there
should be exactly one in each zone file. It describes the zone, where
it comes from (a machine called ns.linux.bogus), who is
responsible for its contents (hostmaster@linux.bogus; you should
insert your e-mail address here), what version of the zone file this
is (serial: 1), and other things having to do with caching and
secondary DNS servers. For the rest of the fields (refresh, retry,
expire and minimum) use the numbers used in this HOWTO and you should
be safe. Before the SOA comes a mandatory line, the $TTL 3D
line. Put it in all your zone files.
Now restart your named (the command is ndc restart) and use
dig to examine your handy work. -x asks for the inverse query:
$ dig -x 127.0.0.1
; <<>> DiG 8.2 <<>> -x
;; res options: init recurs defnam dnsrch
;; got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 4
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 0
;; QUERY SECTION:
;; 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa, type = ANY, class = IN
;; ANSWER SECTION:
1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. 1D IN PTR localhost.
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. 1D IN NS ns.penguin.bv.
;; Total query time: 5 msec
;; FROM: lookfar to SERVER: default -- 127.0.0.1
;; WHEN: Sat Dec 16 01:13:48 2000
;; MSG SIZE sent: 40 rcvd: 110
So it manages to get localhost from 127.0.0.1, good. Now for
our main task, the linux.bogus domain, insert a new 'zone'
section in named.conf:
zone "linux.bogus" {
notify no;
type master;
file "pz/linux.bogus";
};
Note again the lack of ending `.' on the domain name in the
named.conf file.
In the linux.bogus zone file we'll put some totally bogus
data:
;
; Zone file for linux.bogus
;
; The full zone file
;
$TTL 3D
@ IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
199802151 ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
8H ; refresh, seconds
2H ; retry, seconds
4W ; expire, seconds
1D ) ; minimum, seconds
;
NS ns ; Inet Address of name server
MX 10 mail.linux.bogus ; Primary Mail Exchanger
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus. ; Secondary Mail Exchanger
;
localhost A 127.0.0.1
ns A 192.168.196.2
mail A 192.168.196.4
Two things must be noted about the SOA record. ns.linux.bogus
must be a actual machine with a A record. It is not legal to
have a CNAME record for the machine mentioned in the SOA record. Its
name need not be `ns', it could be any legal host name. Next,
hostmaster.linux.bogus should be read as hostmaster@linux.bogus. This
should be a mail alias, or a mailbox, where the person(s) maintaining
DNS should read mail frequently. Any mail regarding the domain will
be sent to the address listed here. The name need not be
`hostmaster', it can be your normal e-mail address, but the e-mail
address `hostmaster' is often expected to work as well.
There is one new RR type in this file, the MX, or Mail eXchanger
RR. It tells mail systems where to send mail that is addressed to
someone@linux.bogus, namely to mail.linux.bogus or
mail.friend.bogus. The number before each machine name is that
MX RR's priority. The RR with the lowest number (10) is the one mail
should be sent to if possible. If that fails the mail can be sent to
one with a higher number, a secondary mail handler, i.e.,
mail.friend.bogus which has priority 20 here.
Restart named by running ndc restart. Examine the results
with dig:
$ dig any linux.bogus +pfmin
;; res options: init recurs defnam dnsrch
;; got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 23499
;; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 4, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; QUERY SECTION:
;; linux.bogus, type = ANY, class = IN
;; ANSWER SECTION:
linux.bogus. 3D IN MX 10 mail.linux.bogus.linux.bogus.
linux.bogus. 3D IN MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
linux.bogus. 3D IN NS ns.linux.bogus.
linux.bogus. 3D IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
199802151 ; serial
8H ; refresh
2H ; retry
4W ; expiry
1D ) ; minimum
Upon careful examination you will discover a bug. The line
linux.bogus. 3D IN MX 10 mail.linux.bogus.linux.bogus.
is all wrong. It should be
linux.bogus. 3D IN MX 10 mail.linux.bogus.
I deliberately made a mistake so you could learn from it :-) Looking in the zone file we find this line:
MX 10 mail.linux.bogus ; Primary Mail Exchanger
It is missing a period. Or has a 'linux.bogus' too many. If a
machine name does not end in a period in a zone file the origin is
added to its end causing the double linux.bogus.linux.bogus. So
either
MX 10 mail.linux.bogus. ; Primary Mail Exchanger
or
MX 10 mail ; Primary Mail Exchanger
is correct. I prefer the latter form, it's less to type. There are
some BIND experts that disagree, and some that agree with this. In a
zone file the domain should either be written out and ended with a
`.' or it should not be included at all, in which case it
defaults to the origin.
I must stress that in the named.conf file there should not be
`.'s after the domain names. You have no idea how many times a
`.' too many or few have fouled up things and confused the h*ll
out of people.
So having made my point here is the new zone file, with some extra information in it as well:
;
; Zone file for linux.bogus
;
; The full zone file
;
$TTL 3D
@ IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
199802151 ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
8H ; refresh, seconds
2H ; retry, seconds
4W ; expire, seconds
1D ) ; minimum, seconds
;
TXT "Linux.Bogus, your DNS consultants"
NS ns ; Inet Address of name server
NS ns.friend.bogus.
MX 10 mail ; Primary Mail Exchanger
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus. ; Secondary Mail Exchanger
localhost A 127.0.0.1
gw A 192.168.196.1
HINFO "Cisco" "IOS"
TXT "The router"
ns A 192.168.196.2
MX 10 mail
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
HINFO "Pentium" "Linux 2.0"
www CNAME ns
donald A 192.168.196.3
MX 10 mail
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
HINFO "i486" "Linux 2.0"
TXT "DEK"
mail A 192.168.196.4
MX 10 mail
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
HINFO "386sx" "Linux 1.2"
ftp A 192.168.196.5
MX 10 mail
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
HINFO "P6" "Linux 2.1.86"
There are a number of new RRs here: HINFO (Host INFOrmation) has two parts; it's a good habit to quote each. The first part is the hardware or CPU on the machine, and the second part the software or OS on the machine. The machine called 'ns' has a Pentium CPU and runs Linux 2.0. CNAME (Canonical NAME) is a way to give each machine several names. So www is an alias for ns.
CNAME record usage is a bit controversial. But it's safe to follow the rule that a MX, CNAME or SOA record should never refer to a CNAME record, they should only refer to something with an A record, so it is inadvisable to have
foobar CNAME www ; NO!
but correct to have
foobar CNAME ns ; Yes!
It's also safe to assume that a CNAME is not a legal host name for
an e-mail address: webmaster@www.linux.bogus is an illegal e-mail
address given the setup above. You can expect quite a few mail admins
Out There to enforce this rule even if it works for you. The way to
avoid this is to use A records (and perhaps some others too, like a MX
record) instead:
www A 192.168.196.2
A number of the arch-BIND-wizards, recommend not using CNAME at all. But the discussion of why or why not is beyond the scope of this HOWTO.
But as you see, this HOWTO and many sites do not follow this rule.
Load the new database by running ndc reload, which causes
named to read its files again.
$ dig linux.bogus axfr
; <<>> DiG 8.2 <<>> linux.bogus axfr
$ORIGIN linux.bogus.
@ 3D IN SOA ns hostmaster (
199802151 ; serial
8H ; refresh
2H ; retry
4W ; expiry
1D ) ; minimum
3D IN NS ns
3D IN NS ns.friend.bogus.
3D IN MX 10 mail
3D IN MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
3D IN TXT "Linux.Bogus, your DNS consultants"
gw 3D IN TXT "The router"
3D IN HINFO "Cisco" "IOS"
3D IN A 192.168.196.1
localhost 3D IN A 127.0.0.1
mail 3D IN HINFO "386sx" "Linux 1.2"
3D IN MX 10 mail
3D IN MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
3D IN A 192.168.196.4
www 3D IN CNAME ns
donald 3D IN TXT "DEK"
3D IN HINFO "i486" "Linux 2.0"
3D IN MX 10 mail
3D IN MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
3D IN A 192.168.196.3
ns 3D IN HINFO "Pentium" "Linux 2.0"
3D IN MX 10 mail
3D IN MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
3D IN A 192.168.196.2
ftp 3D IN HINFO "P6" "Linux 2.1.86"
3D IN MX 10 mail
3D IN MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
3D IN A 192.168.196.5
@ 3D IN SOA ns hostmaster (
199802151 ; serial
8H ; refresh
2H ; retry
4W ; expiry
1D ) ; minimum
;; Received 29 answers (29 records).
;; FROM: lookfar to SERVER: 127.0.0.1
;; WHEN: Sat Dec 16 01:35:05 2000
That's good. As you see it looks a lot like the zone file itself.
Let's check what it says for www alone:
$ dig www.linux.bogus +pfmin
;; res options: init recurs defnam dnsrch
;; got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 27345
;; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; QUERY SECTION:
;; www.linux.bogus, type = A, class = IN
;; ANSWER SECTION:
www.linux.bogus. 3D IN CNAME ns.linux.bogus.
ns.linux.bogus. 3D IN A 192.168.196.2
In other words, the real name of www.linux.bogus is
ns.linux.bogus, and it gives you some of the information it has
about ns as well, enough to connect to it if you were a program.
Now we're halfway.
Now programs can convert the names in linux.bogus to addresses which they can connect to. But also required is a reverse zone, one making DNS able to convert from an address to a name. This name is used by a lot of servers of different kinds (FTP, IRC, WWW and others) to decide if they want to talk to you or not, and if so, maybe even how much priority you should be given. For full access to all services on the Internet a reverse zone is required.
Put this in named.conf:
zone "196.168.192.in-addr.arpa" {
notify no;
type master;
file "pz/192.168.196";
};
This is exactly as with the 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa, and the
contents are similar:
$TTL 3D
@ IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
199802151 ; Serial, todays date + todays serial
8H ; Refresh
2H ; Retry
4W ; Expire
1D) ; Minimum TTL
NS ns.linux.bogus.
1 PTR gw.linux.bogus.
2 PTR ns.linux.bogus.
3 PTR donald.linux.bogus.
4 PTR mail.linux.bogus.
5 PTR ftp.linux.bogus.
Now you restart your named (ndc restart) and examine your
work with dig again:
$ dig -x 192.168.196.4 +pfmin ;; res options: init recurs defnam dnsrch ;; got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 8764 ;; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1 ;; QUERY SECTION: ;; 4.196.168.192.in-addr.arpa, type = ANY, class = IN ;; ANSWER SECTION: 4.196.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 3D IN PTR mail.linux.bogus.
so, it looks OK, dump the whole thing to examine that too:
dig -x 192.168.196 AXFR
; <<>> DiG 8.2 <<>> -x AXFR
$ORIGIN 196.168.192.in-addr.arpa.
@ 3D IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
199802151 ; serial
8H ; refresh
2H ; retry
4W ; expiry
1D ) ; minimum
3D IN NS ns.linux.bogus.
4 3D IN PTR mail.linux.bogus.
2 3D IN PTR ns.linux.bogus.
5 3D IN PTR ftp.linux.bogus.
3 3D IN PTR donald.linux.bogus.
1 3D IN PTR gw.linux.bogus.
@ 3D IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
199802151 ; serial
8H ; refresh
2H ; retry
4W ; expiry
1D ) ; minimum
;; Received 8 answers (8 records).
;; FROM: lookfar to SERVER: 127.0.0.1
;; WHEN: Sat Dec 16 01:44:03 2000
Looks good! If your output didn't look like that look for error-messages in your syslog, I explained how to do that in the first section under the heading Starting named
There are some things I should add here. The IP numbers used in
the examples above are taken from one of the blocks of 'private nets',
i.e., they are not allowed to be used publicly on the Internet. So
they are safe to use in an example in a HOWTO. The second thing is
the notify no; line. It tells named not to notify its secondary
(slave) servers when it has gotten a update to one of its zone files.
In BIND-8 the named can notify the other servers listed in NS records
in the zone file when a zone is updated. This is handy for ordinary
use. But for private experiments with zones this feature should be
off --- we don't want the experiment to pollute the Internet do we?
And, of course, this domain is highly bogus, and so are all the addresses in it. For a real example of a real-life domain see the next main-section.
There are a couple of ``gotchas'' that normally are avoided with name lookups that are often seen when setting up reverse zones. Before you go on you need reverse lookups of your machines working on your own nameserver. If it isn't go back and fix it before continuing.
I will discuss two failures of reverse lookups as seen from outside your network:
When you ask a service provider for a network-address range and a domain name the domain name is normally delegated as a matter of course. A delegation is the glue NS record that helps you get from one nameserver to another as explained in the dry theory section above. You read that, right? If your reverse zone doesn't work go back and read it. Now.
The reverse zone also needs to be delegated. If you got the
192.168.196 net with the linux.bogus domain from your
provider they need to put NS records in for your reverse zone as
well as for your forward zone. If you follow the chain from
in-addr.arpa and up to your net you will probably find a break in
the chain, most probably at your service provider. Having found the
break in the chain contact your service-provider and ask them to
correct the error.
This is a somewhat advanced topic, but classless subnets are very common these days and you probably have one if you're a small company.
A classless subnet is what keeps the Internet going these days. Some years ago there was much ado about the shortage of IP numbers. The smart people in IETF (the Internet Engineering Task Force, they keep the Internet working) stuck their heads together and solved the problem. At a price. The price is that you'll get less than a ``C'' subnet and some things may break. Please see Ask Mr. DNS at for an good explanation of this and how to handle it.
Did you read it? I'm not going to explain it so please read it.
The first part of the problem is that your ISP must understand the technique described by Mr. DNS. Not all small ISPs have a working understanding of this. If so you might have to explain to them and be persistent. But be sure you understand it first ;-). They will then set up a nice reverse zone at their server which you can examine for correctness with dig.
The second and last part of the problem is that you must understand the technique. If you're unsure go back and read about it again. Then you can set up your own classless reverse zone as described by Mr. DNS.
There is another trap lurking here. Old resolvers will not be
able to follow the CNAME trick in the resolving chain and will
fail to reverse-resolve your machine. This can result in the service
assigning it an incorrect access class, deny access or something along
those lines. If you stumble into such a service the only solution
(that I know of) is for your ISP to insert your PTR record directly
into their trick classless zone file instead of the trick CNAME
record.
Some ISPs will offer other ways to handle this, like Web based forms for you to input your reverse-mappings in or other automagical systems.
Once you have set up your zones correctly on the master servers you need to set up at least one slave server. Slave servers are needed for robustness. If your master goes down the people out there on the net will still be able to get information about your domain from the slave. A slave should be as long away from you as possible. Your master and slave should share as few as possible of these: Power supply, LAN, ISP, city and country. If all of these things are different for your master and slave you've found a really good slave.
A slave is simply a nameserver that copies zone files from a master. You set it up like this:
zone "linux.bogus" {
type slave;
file "sz/linux.bogus";
masters { 192.168.196.2; };
};
A mechanism called zone-transfer is used to copy the data. The zone transfer is controlled by your SOA record:
@ IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
199802151 ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
8H ; refresh, seconds
2H ; retry, seconds
4W ; expire, seconds
1D ) ; minimum, seconds
A zone is only transferred if the serial number on the master is larger than on the slave. Every refresh interval the slave will check if the master has been updated. If the check fails (because the master is unavailable) it will retry the check every retry interval. If it continues to fail as long as the expire interval the slave will remove the zone from it's filesystem and no longer be a server for it.