In theory, it should not really matter which interrupt is allocated to
which device, as long as two devices are not configured to use the
same interrupt. In /etc/pcmcia/config.opts you'll find
a place for excluding interrupts that are used by non-PCMCIA devices.
Similarly, there is no way to directly specify the I/O addresses for a
card to use. The /etc/pcmcia/config.opts file allows
you to specify ranges of ports available for use by any card, or to
exclude ranges that conflict with other devices.
After modifying /etc/pcmcia/config.opts, you can reinitialize
cardmgr with ``kill -HUP''.
The interrupt used to monitor card status changes is chosen
by the low-level socket driver module (i82365 or tcic)
before cardmgr parses /etc/pcmcia/config, so it is not
affected by changes to this file. To set this interrupt, use the
cs_irq= option when the socket driver is loaded, by setting
the PCIC_OPTS variable in /etc/rc.d/rc.pcmcia.
All the client card drivers have a parameter called irq_list for
specifying which interrupts they may try to allocate.
These driver options should be set in
your /etc/pcmcia/config file. For example:
device "serial_cs"
module "serial_cs" opts "irq_list=8,12"
...
would specify that the serial driver should only use irq 8 or irq 12.
Regardless of irq_list settings, Card Services will never
allocate an interrupt that is
already in use by another device, or an interrupt that is excluded
in the config file.
This is fairly easy using ``scheme'' support.
Use two configuration schemes, called ``home'' and ``work''. Here is
an example of a network.opts script with scheme-specific
settings:
case "$ADDRESS" in
work,*,*,*)
# definitions for network card in work scheme
...
;;
home,*,*,*|default,*,*,*)
# definitions for network card in home scheme
...
;;
esac
The first part of a device address is always the configuration scheme. In this example, the second ``case'' clause will select for both the ``home'' and ``default'' schemes. So, if the scheme is unset for any reason, it will default to the ``home'' setup.
Now, to select between the two sets of settings, run either:
cardctl scheme home
or
cardctl scheme work
The cardctl command does the equivalent of shutting down all your
cards and restarting them. The command can be safely executed whether
or not the PCMCIA system is loaded, but the command may fail if you
are using other PCMCIA devices at the time (even if their
configurations are not explicitly dependant on the scheme setting).
To find out the current scheme setting, run:
cardctl scheme
By default, the scheme setting is persistent across boots. This can
have undesirable effects if networking is initialized for the wrong
environment. Optionally, you can set the initial scheme value with
the SCHEME startup option (see
Startup options for details). It is also possible to set the scheme from
the lilo boot prompt. Since lilo passes unrecognized
options to init as environment variables, a value for SCHEME
(or any other PCMCIA startup option) at the boot prompt will be
propagated into the PCMCIA startup script.
To save even more keystrokes, schemes can be specified in lilo's
configuration file. For instance, you could have:
root = /dev/hda1
read-only
image = /boot/vmlinuz
label = home
append = "SCHEME=home"
image = /boot/vmlinuz
label = work
append = "SCHEME=work"
Typing ``home'' or ``work'' at the boot prompt would then boot into the appropriate scheme.
Having the root filesystem on a PCMCIA device is tricky because the Linux PCMCIA system is not designed to be linked into the kernel. Its core components, the loadable kernel modules and the user mode cardmgr daemon, depend on an already running system. The kernel's ``initrd'' facility works around this requirement by allowing Linux to boot using a temporary ram disk as a minimal root image, load drivers, and then re-mount a different root filesystem. The temporary root can configure PCMCIA devices and then re-mount a PCMCIA device as root.
The initrd image absolutely must reside on a bootable device: this generally cannot be put on a PCMCIA device. This is a BIOS limitation, not a kernel limitation. It is useful here to distinguish between ``boot-able'' devices (i.e., devices that can be booted), and ``root-able'' devices (i.e., devices that can be mounted as root). ``Boot-able'' devices are determined by the BIOS, and are generally limited to internal floppy and hard disk drives. ``Root-able'' devices are any block devices that the kernel supports once it has been loaded. The initrd facility makes more devices ``root-able'', not ``boot-able''.
Some Linux distributions will allow installation to a device connected to a PCMCIA SCSI adapter, as an unintended side-effect of their support for installs from PCMCIA SCSI CD-ROM devices. However, at present, no Linux installation tools support configuring an appropriate ``initrd'' to boot Linux with a PCMCIA root filesystem. Setting up a system with a PCMCIA root thus requires that you use another Linux system to create the ``initrd'' image. If another Linux system is not available, another option would be to temporarily install a minimal Linux setup on a non-PCMCIA drive, create an initrd image, and then reinstall to the PCMCIA target.
The Linux Bootdisk-HOWTO has some general information about setting up
boot disks but nothing specific to initrd. The main initrd document
is included with recent kernel source code distributions, in
linux/Documentation/initrd.txt. Before beginning, you should
read this document. A familiarity with lilo is also helpful.
Using initrd also requires that you have a kernel compiled with
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM and CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD enabled.
This is an advanced configuration technique, and requires a high level of familiarity with Linux and the PCMCIA system. Be sure to read all the relevant documentation before starting. The following cookbook instructions should work, but deviations from the examples will quickly put you in uncharted and ``unsupported'' territory, and you will be on your own.
This method absolutely requires that you use a PCMCIA driver release of 2.9.5 or later. Older PCMCIA packages or individual components will not work in the initrd context. Do not mix components from different releases.
The pcinitrd script creates a basic initrd image for booting with
a PCMCIA root partition. The image includes a minimal directory
heirarchy, a handful of device files, a few binaries, shared
libraries, and a set of PCMCIA driver modules. When invoking
pcinitrd, you specify the driver modules that you want to be
included in the image. The core PCMCIA components, pcmcia_core
and ds, are automatically included.
As an example, say that your laptop uses an i82365-compatible host controller, and you want to boot Linux with the root filesystem on a hard drive attached to an Adaptec SlimSCSI adapter. You could create an appropriate initrd image with:
pcinitrd -v initrd pcmcia/i82365.o pcmcia/aha152x_cs.o
To customize the initrd startup sequence, you could mount the image using the ``loopback'' device with a command like:
mount -o loop -t ext2 initrd /mnt
and then edit the linuxrc script. The configuration files
will be installed under /etc in the image, and can also be
customized. See the man page for pcinitrd for more information.
After creating an image with pcinitrd, you can create a boot
floppy by copying the kernel, the compressed initrd image, and a few
support files for lilo to a clean floppy. In the following
example, we assume that the desired PCMCIA root device is
/dev/sda1:
mke2fs /dev/fd0
mount /dev/fd0 /mnt
mkdir /mnt/etc /mnt/boot /mnt/dev
cp -a /dev/fd0 /dev/sda1 /mnt/dev
cp [kernel-image] /mnt/vmlinuz
cp /boot/boot.b /mnt/boot/boot.b
gzip < [initrd-image] > /mnt/initrd
Create /mnt/etc/lilo.conf with the contents:
boot=/dev/fd0
compact
image=/vmlinuz
label=linux
initrd=/initrd
read-only
root=/dev/sda1
Finally, invoke lilo with:
lilo -r /mnt
When lilo is invoked with -r, it performs all actions
relative to the specified alternate root directory. The reason for
creating the device files under /mnt/dev was that lilo
will not be able to use the files in /dev when it is running
in this alternate-root mode.
One common use of the initrd facility would be on systems where the
internal hard drive is dedicated to another operating system. The
Linux kernel and initrd image can be placed in a non-Linux partition,
and lilo or LOADLIN can be set up to boot Linux from these
images.
Assuming that you have a kernel has been configured for the
appropriate root device, and an initrd image created on another
system, the easiest way to get started is to boot Linux using
LOADLIN, as:
LOADLIN <kernel> initrd=<initrd-image>
Once you can boot Linux on your target machine, you could then
install lilo to allow booting Linux directly.
For example, say that /dev/hda1 is the non-Linux target
partition and /mnt can be used as a mount point. First,
create a subdirectory on the target for the Linux files:
mount /dev/hda1 /mnt
mkdir /mnt/linux
cp [kernel-image] /mnt/linux/vmlinuz
cp [initrd-image] /mnt/linux/initrd
In this example, say that /dev/sda1 is the desired Linux root
partition, a SCSI hard drive mounted via a PCMCIA SCSI adapter. To
install lilo, create a lilo.conf file with the contents:
boot=/dev/hda
map=/mnt/linux/map
compact
image=/mnt/linux/vmlinuz
label=linux
root=/dev/sda1
initrd=/mnt/linux/initrd
read-only
other=/dev/hda1
table=/dev/hda
label=windows
The boot= line says to install the boot loader in the master boot
record of the specified device. The root= line identifies the
desired root filesystem to be used after loading the initrd image, and
may be unnecessary if the kernel image is already configured this way.
The other= section is used to describe the other operating system
installed on /dev/hda1.
To install lilo in this case, use:
lilo -C lilo.conf
Note that in this case, the lilo.conf file uses absolute paths
that include /mnt. I did this in the example because the target
filesystem may not support the creation of Linux device files for the
boot= and root= options.