2. Linux Features

• multitasking: several programs running at the same time.
• multiuser: several users on the same machine at the same time (and no two-user licenses!).
• multiplatform: runs on many different CPUs, not just Intel.
• multiprocessor: SMP support is available on the Intel and SPARC platforms (with work currently in progress on other platforms), and Linux is used in several loosely-coupled MP applications, including Beowulf systems (see http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux-web/beowulf/beowulf.html) and the Fujitsu AP1000+ SPARC-based supercomputer.
• multithreading: has native kernel support for multiple independent threads of control within a single process memory space.
• runs in protected mode on the 386.
• has memory protection between processes, so that one program can't bring the whole system down.
• demand loads executables: Linux only reads from disk those parts of a program that are actually used.
• shared copy-on-write pages among executables. This means that multiple process can use the same memory to run in. When one tries to write to that memory, that page (4KB piece of memory) is copied somewhere else. Copy-on-write has two benefits: increasing speed and decreasing memory use.
• virtual memory using paging (not swapping whole processes) to disk: to a separate partition or a file in the filesystem, or both, with the possibility of adding more swapping areas during runtime (yes, they're still called swapping areas). A total of 16 of these 128 MB (2GB in recent kernels) swapping areas can be used at the same time, for a theoretical total of 2 GB of useable swap space. It is simple to increase this if necessary, by changing a few lines of source code.
• a unified memory pool for user programs and disk cache, so that all free memory can be used for caching, and the cache can be reduced when running large programs.
• dynamically linked shared libraries (DLL's), and static libraries too, of course.
• does core dumps for post-mortem analysis, allowing the use of a debugger on a program not only while it is running but also after it has crashed.
• mostly compatible with POSIX, System V, and BSD at the source level.
• through an iBCS2-compliant emulation module, mostly compatible with SCO, SVR3, and SVR4 at the binary level.
• all source code is available, including the whole kernel and all drivers, the development tools and all user programs; also, all of it is freely distributable. Plenty of commercial programs are being provided for Linux without source, but everything that has been free, including the entire base operating system, is still free.
• POSIX job control.
• pseudoterminals (pty's).
• 387-emulation in the kernel so that programs don't need to do their own math emulation. Every computer running Linux appears to have a math coprocessor. Of course, if your computer already contains an FPU, it will be used instead of the emulation, and you can even compile your own kernel with math emulation removed, for a small memory gain.
• support for many national or customized keyboards, and it is fairly easy to add new ones dynamically.
• multiple virtual consoles: several independent login sessions through the console, you switch by pressing a hot-key combination (not dependent on video hardware). These are dynamically allocated; you can use up to 64.
• Supports several common filesystems, including minix, Xenix, and all the common system V filesystems, and has an advanced filesystem of its own, which offers filesystems of up to 4 TB, and names up to 255 characters long.
• transparent access to MS-DOS partitions (or OS/2 FAT partitions) via a special filesystem: you don't need any special commands to use the MS-DOS partition, it looks just like a normal Unix filesystem (except for funny restrictions on filenames, permissions, and so on). MS-DOS 6 compressed partitions do not work at this time without a patch (dmsdosfs). VFAT (WNT, Windows 95) support and FAT-32 is available in Linux 2.0
• special filesystem called UMSDOS which allows Linux to be installed on a DOS filesystem.
• read-only HPFS-2 support for OS/2 2.1
• HFS (Macintosh) file system support is available separately as a module.
• CD-ROM filesystem which reads all standard formats of CD-ROMs.
• TCP/IP networking, including ftp, telnet, NFS, etc.
• Appletalk server
• Netware client and server
• Lan Manager/Windows Native (SMB) client and server
• Many networking protocols: the base protocols available in the latest development kernels include TCP, IPv4, IPv6, AX.25, X.25, IPX, DDP (Appletalk), Netrom, and others. Stable network protocols included in the stable kernels currently include TCP, IPv4, IPX, DDP, and AX.25.